Immune reactions and allergy in experimental anisakiasis

Abstract

Abstract:The third-stage larvae (L3) of the parasitic nematode, Anisakis simplex, have been implicated in the induction of hyperimmune allergic reactions in orally infected humans. In this work, we have conducted a review of an investigation into immune reactions occurring in animals experimentally infected with A. simplex L3. The patterns of serum antibody productions in the experimental animals against excretory-secretory products (ESP) of A. simplex L3 contributed to our current knowledge regarding specific humoral immune reactions in humans. In our review, we were able to determine that L3 infection of experimental animals may constitute a good model system for further exploration of immune mechanisms and allergy in anisakiasis of humans. worldwide (Mattiucci et al., 1997;Shih, 2004;Ugland et al., 2004). Many epidemics have been reported in Japan and Spain (Chai et al., 2005). Increasing reports of L3 infection in fish have been documented in South Korea, in which the consumption of raw marine fish is also popular (Chai et al., 1992;Im et al., 1995;Song et al., 1995Song et al., , 1999. Easy access to endoscopes and enhanced awareness of anisakiasis among clinicians has resulted in better reporting of morbidity resultant from L3 infection. L3 infection induces the production of specific antibodies and cytokines (Kennedy et al., 1988;Daschner et al., 2001;Nieuwenhuizen et al., 2006). Antibodies can be detected 2 weeks after infection, consistent with the time courses associated with other microorganisms. Analyses of specific antibody levels are generally irrelevant to the differential diagnosis of an acute state in cases of L3 infection, because the profound pain associated with L3 penetration begins only a few hours after the consumption of infected raw fish. However, antibody level measurements are helpful both in the differentiation of tumors from the granulomas formed by infiltrating L3 and in investigations of allergic diseases (Gutierrez and Cuellar, 2002;Kim et al., 2006).The production of IgE tends to increase during parasite infections, but the ultimate effects of IgE vary considerably, depending on the host-parasite relationships. Hyperimmune allergic reactions have been closely associated with IgE production. The infection of a parasite into its normal host tends to reduce the development of allergic responses, despite the associated upshift in IgE production (van den Biggelaar et al., 2000;Yazdanbakhsh et al., 2002). By contrast, the infection of T. canis in humans, an abnormal host, induces increased allergic reactions (Sharp and Olson, 1962;Sharghi et al., 2001). A. simplex L3 has also been shown to induce allergic diseases at a high rate, principally due to the fact that humans are not a regular host of this parasite (Audicana et al., 2002;Klimpel et al., 2004).Through investigations of allergic responses to L3 for a period of more than 10 years, several shared features have been identified, which indicate that immune reactions to L3 infection evidence similar patterns in humans and experimental...

TheAnisakis simplexAni s 7 major allergen as an indicator of trueAnisakisinfections

“…It was reported recently that Anisakis infections in rodents are similar to those in humans in terms of antibody and cytokine production [33,34]. As in human cases of gastroallergic anisakiasis [35], in the present study we observed that anti-t-Ani s 7 and anti-nAni s 7 IgE antibodies induced by live Anisakis larvae peaked at about day 30 p.i.…”

Anisakis – immunology of a foodborne parasitosis

“…80,145 Re-infection caused an increase in specific IgE antibodies in both rats and mice, indicating that multiple infections with Anisakis larvae promote IgE production. 80,88,136 Only live larvae were found to induce antibodies in rats, 146 supporting the idea that allergic sensitization requires live infection in humans. 122 However, challenge of sensitized mice with Anisakis protein extract was able to induce allergic symptoms such as itching, diarrhoea and mucus hypersecretion in the lungs, 80 suggesting that it is possible for sensitized patients to react to larval proteins, if they are exposed to high amounts.…”

“…IgG1 was the predominant IgG isotype produced, and Th2 cytokines were induced in wild‐type mice . Re‐infection caused an increase in specific IgE antibodies in both rats and mice, indicating that multiple infections with Anisakis larvae promote IgE production . Only live larvae were found to induce antibodies in rats, supporting the idea that allergic sensitization requires live infection in humans .…”

“…Animal models have been used to try to dissect immunological mechanisms of disease, clarify aspects of responses to live and dead larvae and determine the pathogenicity of various Anisakis species. [136][137][138][139][140][141][142] There has been speculation that some species of Anisakis may be more infective than others; however, A. simplex, A. pegreffii, A. paggiae and A. physeteris are all able to infect rats. 143,144 In both rats and mice, Anisakis infection leads to similar pathology to humans, with infiltration of eosinophils and neutrophils and formation of granulomas with multinucleate giant cells.…”

“…Animal models have been used to try to dissect immunological mechanisms of disease, clarify aspects of responses to live and dead larvae and determine the pathogenicity of various Anisakis species . There has been speculation that some species of Anisakis may be more infective than others; however, A. simplex , A. pegreffii , A. paggiae and A. physeteris are all able to infect rats …”