Immune Profile of Obese People and In Vitro Effects of Red Grape Polyphenols on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Abstract

The in vitro ability of polyphenols, extracted from red grape, to modulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses has been evaluated in 20 obese (Ob) people. With regard to cytokine release in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 were higher in the Ob than in healthy (H) subjects. Vice versa, IL-21 concentrations were detected only in H people but they were undetectable in the Ob counterpart. In general terms, levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α were higher in Ob people when compared to H controls. On the other hand, polyphenols did not modify IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 levels. However, an increase in IL-2 was observed in H individuals, whereas its levels were decreased in the Ob counterpart. Polyphenols significantly increased IL-10 release from H donors, whereas a trend to increase was observed in Ob people. In addition, polyphenols were able to significantly increase levels of H IL-21, while this was not the case in Ob people. Since IL-21 is an inducer of Th17 cells, it is likely that polyphenols may suppress the sources of this cytokine via production of IL-10. Accordingly, polyphenols decreased IL-1β and IL-6 release in comparison to H controls.

The influence of diet on anti-cancer immune responsiveness

“…The homeostatic equilibrium between TREG cells (IL-10) and Th17 cells (IL-17) is broken in different clinical settings. Overall, obesity, a diet-related disease, represents a systemic inflammatory condition characterized by an excessive production of IL-17 and IL-21, which, in turn, are strong inducers of Th17 cells [ 12 , 13 ]. The intense and prolonged inflammatory status in obese people is responsible for diabetes, cardiovascular events, neuro-degeneration, and, in some cases, cancer.…”

Recent Advances on the Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidant properties of Red Grape Polyphenols: In Vitro and in Vivo Studies

“…Red grape polyphenols extracted from Nero di Troia cultivar were in vitro used to stimulate peripheral lymphomonocytes isolated from obese people. This treatment was able to reduce the inflammatory status of obese lymphomonocytes, decreasing release of IL-17 and IL-21 (an inducer of Th17 cells), while enhancing production of IL-10 [129]. At the same time, also release of IL-1 and TNF- dramatically dropped.…”

Recent Advances on the Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Red Grape Polyphenols: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

“…With special reference to peripheral immune markers, red grape polyphenols extracted from Nero di Troia cultivar were in vitro used to stimulate blood lymphomonocytes isolated from obese people. This treatment was able to reduce the inflammatory status of obese lymphomonocytes, decreasing release of IL-17 and IL-21 (an inducer of Th17 cells), while enhancing production of IL-10 [132]. At the same time, release of IL-1β and TNF-α also dramatically dropped.…”