Immune Predictors of Death versus Survival in COVID-19 ICU Pneumonia Patients on Mechanical Ventilators

Abstract

The prevalence of asthma and allergic airway diseases has increased since the 1960s. The use of dishwasher and household detergents showed a similar trend, leading us to hypothesize that increased exposure to detergents might contribute to development of allergic diseases. The goal of this project was to test this hypothesis by using in vitro and in vivo models. METHODS: We exposed normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells that overexpress the IL-33 gene to sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) as a model for detergent. Various pharmacologic agents were used to dissect the mechanisms for IL-33 release. SDBS was also administered intranasally (i.n.) to na€ ıve BALB/c mice. RESULTS: Exposure to SDBS induced IL-33 release from NHBE cells. The dose-response curve was bell-shaped, and the maximum effect was observed at a 3-fold lower concentration (i.e. 50 mg/ml) than the critical micelle concentration for SDBS. At this concentration, more than 90% of NHBE cells were alive, released ATP extracellularly and showed increase in intracellular calcium concentration. IL-33 release was abolished by treating the cells with purinergic receptor antagonists or oxygen radical scavengers or by chelating extracellular calcium. Moreover, the levels of type 2 cytokines in lung homogenates were increased in mice exposed to SDBS in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of airway epithelial cells to a low concentration of detergents induces active release of IL-33 likely through the pathway(s) involved in cellular stress responses. Detergents may dysregulate the homeostasis of epithelium and promote development of type 2 immune responses to environmental allergens.

Activation of Herpes Viral Infection as a Manifestation of Post-Covid Syndrome

“…При анализе более 100 параметров иммунной системы у 57 пациентов с коронавирусной инфекцией различной степени тяжести была выявлена лимфопения за счет прежде всего снижения содержания Т-клеток и NK-клеток, причем дефицит был более выражен у более тяжелых пациентов [2,12,53]. Вместе с тем на фоне истощения Т-лимфоцитов отмечается повышение числа активированных Т-лимфоцитов, что имело негативную корреляционную связь с тяжестью инфекции SARS-CoV-2.…”