Immune mechanisms of group B coxsackievirus induced viral myocarditis

Abstract

Viral myocarditis is known to be a primary cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) that can lead to heart failure and sudden cardiac death and is invariably caused by myocardial viral infection following active inflammatory destruction of the myocardium. Although acute viral myocarditis frequently recovers on its own, current chronic myocarditis therapies are unsatisfactory, where the persistence of viral or immunological insults to the heart may play a role. Cellular and mouse experimental models that utilized the most prevalent Coxsackievirus group B type 3 (CVB3) virus infection causing myocarditis have illustrated the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis. In this review, immunological insights into the different stages of development of viral myocarditis were discussed, concentrating on the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity in the development of CVB3-induced myocarditis.

RETRACTED: GIPC1 remodels lipid metabolism by transporting DECR1 into mitochondria against ferroptosis during dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

“…Genetically modified animal models are not well-established. DCM animal models induced by viral infection or autoimmune defects are not wholly representative of DCM 21 . The DOX-induced cardiomyopathy model is induced by intraperitoneal injection due to the most severe chronic side effect of DOX 22 .…”

One-pot access to 11-methyl-6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinolines via iodine-mediated annulation of indoles with 2-vinylanilines and evaluation of their biological activities

“…24 Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) can cause many diseases, including aseptic meningitis, viral myocarditis, encephalitis, respiratory infection, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and acute episodes of the hand, foot, and mouth disease of children. 25 To date, there are no specific drugs for EV71 and CVB3 infections. 26 Consequently, it is urgent to develop effective antiviral drugs against EV71 and CVB3.…”

Global landscape of coxsackieviruses in human health

“…Among the viruses, enteroviruses, notably coxsackieviruses, are typically associated with cardiovascular manifestations, with proteins/RNA viral detected rates ranging from 20 to 40 % of myocarditis or cardiomyopathy cases in children and young adults ( Leonard, 2004 ; Kim et al, 2001 ). The cardiotropic potential and molecular mechanisms, as well as the immunology evoked by these viruses during infection and injury of the cardiac cells infection have been thoroughly reviewed ( Badrinath et al, 2022 ; Tschöpe et al, 2021 ; Kim et al, 2001 ; Zhang et al, 2023 ). The majority of myocarditis or cardiomyopathy cases have been implicated most frequently to CVB, particularly CVB3 and CVB5, but types 1, 2, and 4 have also been reported frequently ( Cherry and Krogstad, 2009 ; Gaaloul et al, 2014 ; Assaad and Cockburn, 1972 ).…”