Immune mechanism of gut microbiota and its metabolites in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases

Abstract

The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with unusual changes in the human gut microbiota, most commonly coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, and heart failure. Immune mechanisms maintain a dynamic balance between the gut microbiota and the host immune system. When one side changes and the balance is disrupted, different degrees of damage are inflicted on the host and a diseased state gradually develops over time. This review summarizes the immune mechanism of the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the occurrence of common CVDs, discusses the relationship between gut-heart axis dysfunction and the progression of CVD, and lists the currently effective methods of regulating the gut microbiota for the treatment of CVDs.

Immune and Microbial Signatures Associated with PD-1 Blockade Sensitivity in a Preclinical Model for HPV+ Oropharyngeal Cancer

“…The abundance of Bacteroidetes has been associated with the induction of IFN-γ producing T cells to protect the host from bacterial infections [ 68 ]. In addition, this phylum is highly recognized for its ability to produce short-chain fatty acids known to promote the migration of neutrophils to areas of inflammation and the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells [ 69 , 70 , 71 ]. On the other hand, Enterococcus has been associated with lesions in the oral cavity, such as periodontitis, and in promoting colorectal cancer [ 72 , 73 ].…”

Bibliometric analysis of the association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease

“…This cluster focuses on the incidence of CVDs, which is closely associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels and metabolic syndrome–related conditions such as diabetes and obesity [ 23 , 24 ]. (3) Cluster 3 (diagnosis): the main keywords include myocardial infarction, heart disease, and coronary artery disease, primarily focusing on CVD, which includes hypertension, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, heart failure, and myocardial infarction [ 25 ]. (4) Cluster 4 (prevention measures): the main keywords encompass periodontal disease, risk factors, association, prevalence rate, health status, tooth loss, epidemiology, hypertension.…”

The role of gut microbiota in acute pancreatitis: new perspectives in pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches

“…[55] Another microbiome-derived metabolite, TMAO, is the amine oxidation product transformed from trimethylamine, [56] which contributes to the development of AP through promoting the activation of NLRP3, NF-κB and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. [63] Yang and Zhang demonstrated that TMAO aggravated pancreatic injury in the mice model of HTGP via TLR/p65 pathway. [56] Additionally, TMAO could induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in HTGP via activating IRE1α/XBP-1 pathway.…”