Immune-Markers in GallBladder Lesions and their Clinico-Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance - An Overview

Abstract

Gallbladder benign diseases are common and usually cured without further consequences. Some benign illnesses increase the chance of cancer development significantly, whereas others resemble malignant disorders. The biomarkers discussed thus far are among the most extensively researched concerning the different diseases of GBC. Patients with gallbladder cancer are usually diagnosed in later stages when conventional treatments are ineffective. The lack of responsiveness of advanced instances of GBC to existing therapies necessitates the identification of novel prognostic and therapeutic approaches. Novel prognostic biomarkers may provide a crucial breakthrough in this area. Despite the available data and years of research, a prognostic marker that is 100% specific and sensitive to GBC is not yet available. A diverse number of molecular markers have been studied for their potential to be prognostic markers in GBC. p53 and HER2 have been studied very extensively and have shown promise. The deregulation and accumulation of the molecular markers we have discussed so far impact carcinogenesis of the gall bladder. Further analytical studies on the concentration levels of these markers in normal vs precancerous vs cancerous tissues should be carried out. Highly specific prognostic markers can help individualize treatment options to bring down the mortality rate in GBC.