Immune Influence on Adult Neural Stem Cell Regulation and Function

Abstract

Neural stem cells (NSCs) lie at the heart of central nervous system development and repair, and deficiency or dysregulation of NSCs or their progeny can have significant consequences at any stage of life. Immune signaling is emerging as one of the influential variables that define resident NSC behavior. Perturbations in local immune signaling accompany virtually every injury or disease state and signaling cascades that mediate immune activation, resolution, or chronic persistence influence resident stem and progenitor cells. Some aspects of immune signaling are beneficial, promoting intrinsic plasticity and cell replacement, while others appear to inhibit the very type of regenerative response that might restore or replace neural networks lost in injury or disease. Here we review known and speculative roles that immune signaling plays in the postnatal and adult brain, focusing on how environments encountered in disease or injury may influence the activity and fate of endogenous or transplanted NSCs.

Neutrophils Induce Astroglial Differentiation and Migration of Human Neural Stem Cells via C1q and C3a Synthesis

“…TNF-a receptor expression in this hNSC population, or developmental regulation of TNFR1/2 expression in neural stem versus progenitor cells (82). Future studies will further investigate the possible signaling mechanisms mediating the specific effect of complement-mediated astrogliogenesis in hNSC.…”

Direct isolation and RNA-seq reveal environment-dependent properties of engrafted neural stem/progenitor cells

“…This would be due to the apoptotic and necrotic cell death 17 . Although these cell deaths could be caused by immune rejection 18 , significant T-cell infiltration, which is an indicator of immune rejection, was not observed at the initial and late phase after transplantation (Supplementary Fig. S2).…”

Advances in the research of basic study and clinical application of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

“…[43] In the study of the effect of immune signal on cellular behavior, some researchers have determined that inflammatory cytokines have an effect on nerve regeneration, so ADSC, which secretes anti-inflammatory cytokines, has a neurotrophic effect. [44] An evaluation of ADSC auxiliary nerve regeneration in mice has shown that intravenous or marginal cerebral injection of ADSC improves memory impairment in mice. In addition to the migration and differentiation of ADSC into neurons, the mechanisms mainly include the paracrine effects of cytokines or neurotrophic factors secreted by ADSC.…”