Immune evasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); molecular approaches

Ahmadi, Shahrzad; Bazargan, Mahsa; Elahi, Reza; Esmaeilzadeh, Abdolreza

doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.020

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Individuals with low vitamin D levels (hypovitaminosis D) experience reduced neutralizing antibody titers from prior infection or vaccination [43]. Moreover, these individuals show lower responsiveness of neutralizing antibodies generated through vaccination, partly due to immune evasion [44,45], particularly pronounced against bivalent vaccines, as seen with BQ and XBB subvariants [46].…”

Section: Ongoing Mutations Of the Sars-cov-2 Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decoding the paradox: Understanding Elevated Hospitalization and Reduced Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Sunil J. Wimalawansa

2024

Int. J. Front. Sci. Technol. Res.

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Introduction and aim: SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks occur cyclically, aligning with winter when vitamin D levels are lowest, except after new variant outbreaks. Adequate vitamin D is crucial for robust immune function. Hypovitaminosis diminishes immune responses, increasing susceptibility to viral infections. The manuscript explores the discrepancy between increased SARS-CoV-2 hospitalizations and lower mortality. Method: SARS-CoV-2 mutants, including Delta, BQ, and XBB Omicron lineages, developed immune evasion capabilities, reducing the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and bivalent boosters. The failure of COVID-19 vaccines to prevent infections and spread to others, coupled with the immune evasion exhibited by mutant viruses, contributed to continued SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks. Interestingly, dominant new mutants, despite their increased transmissibility, have caused fewer deaths. This article scrutinizes the mentioned incongruity through an analysis of published data. Results: Achieving herd immunity and eradicating SARS-CoV-2 has proven elusive due to ongoing mutagenesis and immune evasion, leading to recurrent viral outbreaks. The failure to approve repurposed early therapies for COVID-19 by regulators, as well as misinformation and weak strategies undertaken by leading health authorities, exacerbated the situation. Repurposed agents, including vitamin D and ivermectin, have demonstrated high efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 from the beginning, and remain unaffected by mutations. Despite their cost-effectiveness and widespread availability, regulatory approval for these generic agents in COVID-19 treatment is pending. Conclusion: Regulators hesitated to approve cost-effective, repurposed generic agents primarily to safeguard the temporary approval status of COVID-19 vaccines and anti-viral agents under Emergency Use Authorization, which persists. This reluctance overlooked the opportunity to implement an integrated approach with repurposed agents alongside COVID-19 vaccines, potentially reducing hospitalizations and fatalities and preventing outbreaks; this led to the failure to eradicate SARS-CoV-2 and becoming endemic. It is imperative that regulators now reconsider approving affordable generics for SARS-CoV-2 to effectively control future viral outbreaks. Non-technical Importance (Lay Abstract) Adequate vitamin D levels significantly bolster the human immune system—deficiency compromises immune responses and increases susceptibility, particularly to viruses. While new SARS-CoV-2 mutations like Omicron are less severe, they are more infectious and adept at evading immunity from vaccines; thus, they offer a limited spectrum of protection and duration. Primary COVID-19 vaccines have reduced disease severity but have failed to prevent viral spread, contributing to outbreaks. Booster doses had little effect on the virus but caused immune paresis, thus increasing susceptibility to infections. Regulators should consider approving generic, repurposed agents like vitamin D and ivermectin as adjunct therapies to address this challenge and better prepare for future pandemics. Proactively integrating vitamin D supplementation to fortify the immune system can mitigate vital outbreaks, alleviate hospital burdens, and reduce healthcare costs.

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Section: Ongoing Mutations Of the Sars-cov-2 Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decoding the paradox: Understanding Elevated Hospitalization and Reduced Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Sunil J. Wimalawansa

2024

Int. J. Front. Sci. Technol. Res.

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“…In the following days, the market was closed on January 1, 2019, and the virus, later termed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), was isolated from confirmed pneumonia patients. Those patients had symptoms such as fever, shortness of breath, lung infiltration and cough (Ozbey et al, 2021;Ahmadi et al, 2023;Naseer et al, 2023). SARS-CoV-2 is a single stranded and enveloped RNA virus that can be transmitted from human to human mainly through droplets while sneezing or coughing (Jackson et al, 2022;Sadirbaeva and Chekirov, 2022).…”

Section: Covid-19 and The Global Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide cotton production and trade during COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical analysis for a three-year observation

ERKENCIOGLU,

ZUHAL,

TOKEL

et al. 2023

Not Bot Horti Agrobo

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The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a significant impact on agriculture. Due to its importance in world trade and human life, the effects of the pandemic on the cotton economy were evaluated by using the data of important organizations such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the World Trade Organization, and International Cotton Advisory Committee in this study. With the Chow test, which measures of structural breaks, the effects of COVID-19 on cotton production and trade were examined. According to the Chow test results, the pandemic had no significant effect on cotton production, exports and imports in the People’s Republic of China and Türkiye, while being highly influential on cotton production and exports in the U.S. and Brazil. Distinctively, in Pakistan, it had a significant impact on cotton production and import. It was observed that although the demand, trade and prices for cotton were descended, the cotton prices started to recover with the increase in demand in the third quarter of 2020. In June 2022, the highest peak in cotton prices was observed. As a conclusion, it is shown that cotton production and trade during the pandemic were affected in all countries except People’s Republic of China and Türkiye. However, the marks of the effects of factors such as decreasing stocks, uncertainties in national economies, high inflation and increase in production costs on the cotton economy will be better understood in the coming years.

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A systematic overview of metal nanoparticles as alternative disinfectants for emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants

Soni,

Marya,

Sharma

et al. 2024

Arch Microbiol

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Immune evasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); molecular approaches

Cited by 7 publications

References 97 publications

Decoding the paradox: Understanding Elevated Hospitalization and Reduced Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Decoding the paradox: Understanding Elevated Hospitalization and Reduced Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Worldwide cotton production and trade during COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical analysis for a three-year observation

A systematic overview of metal nanoparticles as alternative disinfectants for emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants

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