Immune dysregulation in COVID-19 and its therapeutic implications

Praveen, T.; Desai, Devashish; Soneja, Manish; Wig, Naveet

doi:10.4103/jcsr.jcsr_40_20

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The reason for this high fatality lies in the fact that the severity of COVID-19 disease is not only due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also due to the complex host immune response. Patients with severe COVID-19 disease exhibit immune dysregulation; a hyper-activated/exhausted immune response associated with hyperinflammation and sustained cytokine production/hypercytokinemia (Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al, 2020;Praveen et al, 2020;Tahaghoghi-Hajghorbani et al, 2020;Tay et al, 2020;Varchetta et al, 2020;Wei et al, 2020). As a result, such patients exhibit organ injury, organ failure progressing into ARDS, secondary infections, sepsis, septic shock, and multiple organ failure leading to mortality (Li D. et al, 2020;Pedersen and Ho, 2020;Qin et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanotechnology to the Rescue: Treatment Perspective for the Immune Dysregulation Observed in COVID-19

Peter

Sandeep

Rao

et al. 2021

Front. Nanotechnol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The study of the use of nanotechnology for drug delivery has been extensive. Nanomedical approaches for therapeutics; drug delivery in particular is superior to conventional methods in that it allows for controlled targeted delivery and release, higher stability, extended circulation time, minimal side-effects, and improved pharmacokinetic clearance (of the drug) form the body, to name a few. The magnitude of COVID-19, the current ongoing pandemic has been severe; it has caused widespread the loss of human life. In individuals with severe COVID-19, immune dysregulation and a rampant state of hyperinflammation is observed. This kind of an immunopathological response is detrimental and results in rapid disease progression, development of secondary infections, sepsis and can be fatal. Several studies have pin-pointed the reason for this immune dysregulation; deviations in the signaling pathways involved in the mediation and control of immune responses. In severe COVID-19 patients, many signaling cascades including JAK/STAT, NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, TGF beta, VEGF, and Notch signaling were found to be either upregulated or inactivated. Targeting these aberrant signaling pathways in conjunction with antiviral therapy will effectuate mitigation of the hyperinflammation, hypercytokinemia, and promote faster recovery. The science of the use of nanocarriers as delivery agents to modulate these signaling pathways is not new; it has already been explored for other inflammatory diseases and in particular, cancer therapy. Numerous studies have evaluated the efficacy and potential of nanomedical approaches to modulate these signaling pathways and have been met with positive results. A treatment regime, that includes nanotherapeutics and antiviral therapies will prove effective and holds great promise for the successful treatment of COVID-19. In this article, we review different nanomedical approaches already studied for targeting aberrant signaling pathways, the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2, immunopathology and the dysregulated signaling pathways observed in severe COVID-19 and the current treatment methods in use for targeting signaling cascades in COVID-19. We then conclude by suggesting that the use of nanomedical drug delivery systems for targeting signaling pathways can be extended to effectively target the aberrant signaling pathways in COVID-19 for best treatment results.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanotechnology to the Rescue: Treatment Perspective for the Immune Dysregulation Observed in COVID-19

Peter

Sandeep

Rao

et al. 2021

Front. Nanotechnol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Interleukin-1in COVID-19 Infection: Immunopathogenesis and Possible Therapeutic Perspective

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cytokine Storm and Immunomodulation in COVID-19: A Review

Arsh

Mishra

Tripathi

et al. 2022

COVID

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has taken over the world, and more than 38 lakh deaths have been reported till now due to this infectious disease. It has been declared a global pandemic by the world health organization. SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), and the major problem called "Cytokine storm" is reported, which may lead to death among the COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to review the Cytokine storm and its mechanism along with few immunomodulatory therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection suppression effectively. Methods: The recently published works of literature were selected and reviewed based on the subject of this study. The databases, including Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched extensively. Results: The review of the literature showed that an uncontrolled immune response causes excess inflammation. Evidence from recent trials has demonstrated that cytokine storms can be an important factor in the COVID-19 severity, leading to multiple organ failure and death. Conclusion: This study reviewed immunomodulatory therapies and strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients to suppress the immune response. Ultimately, the cytokine storm can prove to be a boon and reduce the significant death tolls to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

show abstract

Immune dysregulation in COVID-19 and its therapeutic implications

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Nanotechnology to the Rescue: Treatment Perspective for the Immune Dysregulation Observed in COVID-19

Nanotechnology to the Rescue: Treatment Perspective for the Immune Dysregulation Observed in COVID-19

Interleukin-1in COVID-19 Infection: Immunopathogenesis and Possible Therapeutic Perspective

Cytokine Storm and Immunomodulation in COVID-19: A Review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About