Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer is one of the most common types of malignances worldwide and the main cause of cancer-related deaths. Current treatment for NSCLC is based on surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy, with poor therapeutic effectiveness. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors have applied in NSCLC treatment. A large number of experimental studies have shown that immune checkpoint inhibitors are safer and more effective than traditional therapeutic modalities and have allowed for the development of better guidance in the clinical treatment of advanced NSCLC patients. In this review, we describe clinical trials using ICI immunotherapies for NSCLC treatment, the available data on clinical efficacy, and the emerging evidence regarding biomarkers.

Developing an Immune-Related Signature for Predicting Survival Rate and the Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients With Glioma

“…To date, immunotherapy has been used to treat a number of different tumor types, such as lung cancer (Tang et al, 2022), melanoma (Baruch et al, 2021), cervical cancer (Ferrall et al, 2021), liver cancer (Feng et al, 2021). Some immune checkpoints, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 may lead to anti-tumor immunity (Lee and Seong, 2021).…”

Nanoparticle-based immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer

“…ICI therapy alone has shown limited success but is at the same time associated with significant side effects in cancer, as their immunomodulatory effect is not limited to the tumor site. Thus, a combination with the targeting capabilities of NPs has attracted considerable attention ( Tang et al, 2022 ).…”

“…ICI therapy alone has shown limited success but is at the same time associated with significant side effects in cancer, as their immunomodulatory effect is not limited to the tumor site. Thus, a combination with the targeting capabilities of NPs has attracted considerable attention (Tang et al, 2022). Synergistic administration of an antibody targeting PD-1 and a CpG oligodeoxynucleotides loaded in mesoporous silica NPs successfully prevented cancer recurrence .…”

The Interplay between Anti-Angiogenics and Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer

“…Immunotherapy profoundly transformed the therapeutic scenario of several malignancies; in fact, in the last two decades, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) spread in many solid tumors after achieving meaningful improvements in survival and quality of life [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Finding predictive biomarkers for ICIs to allow a better patient selection remains one of the most critical unanswered questions in contemporary immune oncology.…”