2023
DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123172
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Rechallenge in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Current Evidence and Future Directions

Enrico Sammarco,
Fiorella Manfredi,
Amedeo Nuzzo
et al.

Abstract: Immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapies represent the current standard of care in the first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Despite a clear benefit in survival outcomes, a considerable proportion of patients experience disease progression; prospective data about second-line therapy after first-line treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors are limited to small phase II studies. As with other solid tumors (such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer), preliminary data about the clinic… Show more

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Cited by 4 publications
(6 citation statements)
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References 66 publications
(70 reference statements)
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“…The success of this drug combination is attributable to their complementary mechanisms. Anti-PD-1 is involved in the reversion of effector T cell exhaustion and consequently in the reactivation of the effector response, whereas anti-CTLA-4 plays a role in antigen-specific T cell priming by inducing their activation [ 14 ].…”
Section: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 3 more Smart Citations
“…The success of this drug combination is attributable to their complementary mechanisms. Anti-PD-1 is involved in the reversion of effector T cell exhaustion and consequently in the reactivation of the effector response, whereas anti-CTLA-4 plays a role in antigen-specific T cell priming by inducing their activation [ 14 ].…”
Section: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…According to the occurrence and timing of the latter, it is possible to distinguish a primary resistance, in never-responder patients, from a secondary resistance which occurs after an initial period of response to treatment. Research in recent years has shown that one possible way to mitigate this limitation is to focus on the synergy between different immune checkpoint blockers, as was described above with some examples, or to combine these drugs with other therapies acting on different fronts, which can have an immune or non-immune action [ 14 , 16 ].…”
Section: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Cabozantinib is an antiangiogenic inhibitor, also a TKI of multiple targets ( Yakes et al, 2011 ). Because cabozantinib can improve PFS and OS of RCC patients, it was approved for the first-line treatment in low - and moderate-risk patients ( Sammarco et al, 2023 ). However, compared with monotherapy, TKIs (especially cabozantinib) combined with ICIs have shown superior efficacy in first-line treatment over patients with advanced RCC ( Albiges et al, 2021 ; Bedke et al, 2021 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%