Immune cell composition of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy and respiratory diseased dromedary camels

Abstract

Background Respiratory diseases are among the most common and expensive to treat diseases in camels with a great economic impact on camel health, welfare, and production. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) has been proven as a valuable sample for investigating the leukocyte populations in the respiratory tract of several species. In the present study, fluorescent antibody labeling and flow cytometry were used to study the immune cell composition of BALF in dromedary camels. Animals with clinical respiratory diseases (n = seven) were compared with apparently healthy animals (n = 10). In addition, blood leukocytes from the same animals were stained in parallel with the same antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Camel BALF macrophages, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes were identified based on their forward and side scatter properties. The expression pattern of the cell markers CD172a, CD14, CD163, and MHCII molecules on BALF cells indicates a similar phenotype for camel, bovine, and porcine BALF myeloid cells. The comparison between camels with respiratory disease and healthy camels regarding cellular composition in their BALF revealed a higher total cell count, a higher fraction of granulocytes, and a lower fraction of macrophages in diseased than healthy camels. Within the lymphocyte population, the percentages of helper T cells and B cells were also higher in diseased than healthy camels. The elevated expression of the activation marker CD11a on helper T cells of diseased camels is an indication of the expansion of helper T cells population due to infection and exposure to respiratory pathogens. The higher abundance of MHCII molecules on BALF macrophages from diseased camels indicates a polarization toward an inflammatory macrophage phenotype (M1) in respiratory diseased camels. No significant differences were observed in the systemic leukogram between healthy and diseased animals. Conclusions Collectively, the current study represents the first report on flow cytometric analysis of immune cell composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in dromedary camels.

Effect of age, season, and gender on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology in camels

“…BALF samples are also useful in giving insight into the severity and stage of inflammatory reactions in the lung and in the detection of subclinical pulmonary diseases ( Van Driessche et al ., 2019 ; Shawaf et al ., 2021 ; Kang et al ., 2022 ). Recently, two studies reported the percentage of cytological BALF in dromedary camels with and without respiratory diseases ( Shawaf et al ., 2021 , 2022 ). However, several previous studies on different animal species indicated the effect of the season, gender, and age on the percentage of cells in the BALF samples ( Pacheco et al ., 2014 ; Secombe et al ., 2015 ; Hostetter et al ., 2017 ; Davis and Sheats, 2019 ).…”