Immobilized Palladium Nanoparticles Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of Amines

Abstract

Catalytic application of immobilized palladium nanoparticles for synthesis of ureas by oxidative carbonylation of amines has been investigated. This is the first report on oxidative carbonylation of amines to ureas using immobilized palladium nanoparticles catalyst. The palladium nanoparticles were immobilized on a NaY zeolite support through 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (APTS) as anchoring agent. The [Pd]-APTS-Y catalyst along with NaI promoter showed high conversion and selectivity to the desired urea products over several amine compounds including an example of an aliphatic amine precursor even at 333 K. The immobilized catalyst was easily separated and recycled several times without any loss of activity. The role of different solvents, iodide promoters, iodide to Pd ratio, concentration of substrates, and temperature on the overall yield of the reaction was also investigated.

Green Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction catalyzed by palladium nanoparticles supported on graphitic carbon nitride

“…Among the various metal NPs, platinum group metals (PGMs) are used most extensively as the catalysts for a great many industrial applications in hydrogenation [12], hydroformylation [13], Page 6 of 32 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 6 carbonylation [14,15], and so on. Over the past few decades, palladium NPs have also been applied as the most efficient catalyst to C−C coupling reactions like Suzuki−Miyaura coupling reactions on account of the economic benefits.…”

Pd Nanoparticles and Mixture of CO2/CO/O2 Applied in the Carbonylation of Aniline

“…Among many types of functionalization, insertion of a single carbonyl group into an organic molecule plays a special role due to large-scale demand for carbonyl compounds [1,2]. Excellent examples of products (both commodities and specialty chemicals) with carbonyl groups are urea derivatives, widely used in modern chemical industry-they find application in the production of pesticides (herbicides, fungicides), resin precursors, and fiber dyes [3,4], as well as antiviral and anticancer agents and other pharmaceuticals [4][5][6][7][8]. Numerous derivatives of ureas-including isocyanates and carbamates-are employed in syntheses of adhesives, varnishes, rubbers, paints, and polyurethane foams [9].…”

“…Unfortunately, dominating technologies of production of diphenylureas from aromatic amines are based on the phosgene method [9,10], and the real challenge in this sector of industry is to replace them by phosgene-free methods. The most common approaches involve less environmentally harmful carbonylating agents such as CO or alkyl carbonates [1,3,5,[11][12][13], including carbonylation performed in beneficial nonconventional solvents such as ionic liquids [12,13]. The main limitation of CO-based methods is the high pressure applied.…”

Fe3O4@SiO2@l‐arginine@Pd(0): a new magnetically retrievable heterogeneous nanocatalyst with high efficiency for C–C bond formation

“…Supported metal nanoparticles play a vital role in a wide range of applications, particularly in the scope of catalysis. Among the various metal nanoparticles, platinum group metals are used most extensively as catalysts for a great many industrial applications in hydrogenation, hydroformylation, carbonylation, and so on. Over the past few decades, palladium nanoparticles have also been applied as useful catalysts for C – C coupling reactions like Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions on account of the economic benefits .…”