Immobilized Enzyme-based Novel Biosensing System for Recognition of Toxic Elements in the Aqueous Environment

Abstract

Access to secure water sources has become one of the biggest challenges for human sustainability. Climate change and associated droughts make it difficult to guarantee the usual water source and move to groundwater use or to the re-use of treated wastewater remains unviable due the lack on the capacity of monitoring water quality. Moreover, reusing treated wastewater from repositories near anthropogenic sources represents a risk of high concentrations of emerging contaminants. The strategies involve a higher risk of encountering toxic elements with a heavy burden on human and environmental health. New accessible and reliable tools are required to detect any hazard from the waterbodies in real time to ensure safe management and also to decrease mismanagement or ilegal water discharges. One of the available options is to look into enzyme-based biosensors that can detect toxic elements in the water. The proposed biosensors require sensible elements to be accessible and durable for their proper function. The present revision shows in first place, the actual need of real time monitoring due the different sources and effects of emergent pollutants. Secondly, describes how enzymes can be immobilized for its application in biosensors and the rol enzymes play as bioreceptor element in biosensing. Thirdly, describes the transduction methods that can be observed, and finally the actual application of enzyme biosensors for the detection of different toxic elements. According to the presented literature enzyme-based biosensors have been successfully applied for the detection of a wide number of pollutants reaching detection limits comparable to traditional methods such as up to 0.018 nM of mercury. Furthermore, laccase seems to be the more applied enzyme in literature, but positive results are not limited to this enzyme and other candidates have been explored showing good detection rate.

Carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensor in biomedical application, a comprehensive study

“…Protein the identification is made conceivable by the binding event, which causes a modification in the electrochemical signal. Enzyme-labeled antibodies that react with the target protein to produce an electrochemical signal are used in ELISA-based electrochemical sensors [63][64][65][66]. In addition, enzymatic activity, which is frequently employed to quantify the presence of particular biomolecules, can be detected by electrochemical sensors.…”

Extremozyme-Based Biosensors for Environmental Pollution Monitoring: Recent Developments

“…The configuration, performances, and applications of enzyme-based biosensors were discussed in several recent reviews [ 6 , 8 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 ]. Both the direct catalytic activity and the inhibition of enzymatic activity were exploited in these applications [ 6 , 8 , 76 , 90 ].…”

“…These laboratory-based techniques require skilled personnel and expensive equipment. Enzyme biosensors are attractive alternative analytical tools, being portable, fast and compatible with various detection techniques [ 80 , 83 , 194 ]. Numerous devices have been developed that exploit the inhibitory activity of metals on mesophilic tyrosinase, laccase, horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase, alkaline phosphatase, urease, nitrate reductase, etc.…”

“…Enzyme-based biosensors have been proposed as alternative analytical tools to standardized chromatographic methods for the detection of pesticides along with antibody, aptamer, and molecularly imprinted polymer-based biosensors [ 83 , 207 ]. Most devices rely on the inhibitory effect of organophosphates, carbamates, dithiocarbamates, β-triketones, triazines, phenylureas, diazines, or phenolic pesticides on cholinesterases, photosynthetic system II, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, peroxidase, tyrosinase, laccase, urease or aldehyde dehydrogenase [ 7 , 76 , 82 , 93 , 109 ].…”

Recent Trends in Chemical Sensors for Detecting Toxic Materials

“…The role of enzymes in chemical sensors is to sense targets and transduce signals based on their activities [ 14 , 145 ], with enzymes such as hydrolases, oxidoreductases, and transferases all used as bioreceptors for sensing targets. Enzyme activities induce optical or electrochemical changes and can be used to detect heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and phenolics [ 146 ].…”