Immobilization of trypsin on graphene oxide for microwave-assisted on-plate proteolysis combined with MALDI-MS analysis

Interactions of graphene and graphene oxide with proteins and peptides

“…For example, using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker, alkaline protease was covalently attached on the GO sheets [124] . A more complicated protocol was proposed and used to immobilize trypsin chemically on the GO sheets by Xu et al [125] . They functionalized the GO with polylysine (PL) and PEG-diglycolic acid (PEG) and, then, used the PEG-PL modified GO as a substrate for trypsin immobilization (see Figure 7 ).…”

“…The advantages of the method are that both PL and PEG served as receptors for the adsorption of trypsin. Additionally, as spacers, they suppressed/minimized the direct adsorption of the trypsin onto GO sheets, which was proven useful for maintaining the activity of the enzyme [125] .…”

Graphene oxide derivatives with variable alkyl chain length and terminal functional groups as supports for stabilization of cytochrome c

“…Moreover, the use of GO and its functionalized derivatives as nanoscaffolds for enzyme immobilization offers the possibility of manipulation of the microenvironment of the enzymes, enhancing their catalytic behavior and operational stability which result in the development of robust nanobiocalysts [10,11]. Various GONs have been employed for the immobilization of enzymes for the development of nanobiocatalytic systems with application in wastewater treatment [12], phenol compound removal [13], in situ protein digestion [14], as well as various biocatalytic transformations with industrial interest [15].…”

In situ synthesized rGO–Fe3O4 nanocomposites as enzyme immobilization support for achieving high activity recovery and easy recycling

“…Among them, the graphene/graphene−based nanosheets have attracted much attention because of their unique structural features and exceptional chemical, electrical and mechanical properties [11][12][13]. Several kinds of enzymes including horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and lipase have been tentatively immobilized on the graphene/graphene−based nanosheets [14][15][16]. For instance, Zhang et al [17] reported that HRP immobilized on the chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) exhibited an extremely high enzyme loading capacity (1300 mg g −1 ) and good activity recovery (~80%).…”