“…Nevertheless, the filtration to eliminate and recycle the powdered TiO 2 suspended in the treated water increases running cost and induces the secondary pollution, which has become a main limiting factor for practical application [9,10]. Alternatively, to solve the problem, many efforts have been devoted to immobilizing TiO 2 nanoparticles on a variety of substrates [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], such as glass [17,18], stainless steel plate [19], carbon fiber film [20], TiO 2 substrate [21,22] and polymers [23,24], by means of sol-gel method, thermal treatment, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and electrophorectic deposition. And the adherences between substrates and TiO 2 nanoparticles are often focused on the physical adsorption [20], electrostatic interaction [24], hydrogen bonding interaction [26] and chemical bonding interaction.…”