Immobilization of simulated radionuclide 133Cs+ by fly ash-based geopolymer

Physical barrier effect of geopolymeric waste form on diffusivity of cesium and strontium

“…Both studies reported leachability indexes of respective radionuclides much higher than those in OPC. Efforts have been continuously made to broaden the application of geopolymer in disposal of radioactive waste and optimize the material design for higher leaching resistance [17][18][19][20]. Nonetheless, One unique aspect of geopolymer formulation is that the selection of a precursor material and an activator have detrimental effects on the properties of the final product [21,22], meaning that the immobilization performance of geopolymer can significantly vary according to the material design.…”

Dynamic immobilization of simulated radionuclide 133 Cs in soil by thermal treatment/vitrification with nanometallic Ca/CaO composites

“…can achieve a certain solidification level, their use is limited by their high cost and/or complex preparation process (Li and Wang, 2005;Lee et al, 2006). Other approaches, unfortunately applicable only to Cs solutions, are electrokinetic processes (Reddy, 2013;Kim et al, 2013), the use of fly ash as a geopolymer (Li et al, 2013), or that of magnetic Prussian blue/graphene oxide nanocomposites caged either in calcium alginate microbeads (Yang et al, 2014), or in cotton (Kitajima et al, 2012). For most of these stabilization/solidification processes, there is a major concern for the volume and the durability of the processed wastes.…”

Behavior of cesium in municipal solid waste incineration

“…Some researchers used 133 Cs at high concentrations to predict the behavior of radioactive Cs in the incineration process (Amiro et al, 1996;Kawano et al, 2013;Saffarzadeh et al, 2014) and in the leaching from ash (Li et al, 2013). However some waste contains 8000 Bq/kg activity of 137 Cs equivalent to 2.5 ng/kg 137 Cs, making a direct analysis of Cs concentrations difficult.…”