Immobilization of molecular catalysts in supported ionic liquid phases

Doorslaer, Charlie Van; Wahlen, Joos; Mertens, Pascal; Binnemans, Koen; Vos, Dirk De

doi:10.1039/c001285h

Cited by 228 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…27,28 Ideally, ILs in SILPs obtain a large specic surface area and mechanical properties of the support and maintain the extractive properties of ILs. This further makes SILPs suitable not only for applications in catalysis, [29][30][31][32] but also for metal ions adsorption and preconcentration. 28,[33][34][35] SILPs are classied in two groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of scandium(iii) from diluted aqueous solutions by a supported ionic liquid phase (SILP)

2017

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The adsorption of scandium from diluted, acidic solutions by a supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) was investigated, as part of a process for recovery of scandium from bauxite residue (red mud). Both dry impregnation and covalent linking were studied for the SILP preparation. The SILP betainium sulfonyl(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide) poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) [Hbet-STFSI-PS-DVB] was prepared by covalent linking of the ionic liquid to the resin and this resulted in an adsorbent suitable for scandium recovery. For a chloride feed solution, the effects of pH, contact time, adsorption capacity, desorption, reusability of adsorbent and the influence of Fe(III), Al(III) and Ca(II) on the Sc(III) adsorption were studied. The adsorption of Sc(III) from nitrate and sulfate feed solution under optimal conditions was studied as well. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model. Equilibrium studies at room temperature showed that the experimental data could be well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model. The stripping of Sc(III) from the loaded SILP was achieved with 1 M sulfuric acid. The SILP was stable and could be reused for seven adsorption/desorption cycles without significant losses in its adsorption efficiency for Sc(III). IntroductionScandium belongs to the group of rare-earth elements (REEs) and nds applications in aluminum alloys, halide lamps and fuel cells.1 However, it is an expensive metal with small global production volumes. Although scandium is relatively abundant in the Earth's crust (22 ppm), there are few scandium minerals and it rarely occurs in rich ore deposits. It is mainly recovered as by-product from the production of other metals (REEs, U, Ti, W, Al, Ni, Ta and Nb).2-4 Bauxite residue (red mud), the waste industrial product of the Bayer process for alumina production from bauxite ore, can contain up to 130 ppm of scandium and it is potentially a valuable scandium resource.5,6 Scandium can partially be recovered from bauxite residue by acid leaching. Typically, in this way many metal impurities go into the leachate as well and in concentrations much higher than that of scandium. 1,7,8 Liquid-liquid extraction is used for the recovery of Sc(III), 9 but it requires much higher initial concentrations of Sc(III) than the ones that can be found in the pregnant leach solutions.1 Nevertheless, for recovery of low concentrations of Sc(III) its enrichment with a selective adsorbent in high capacity ion exchange columns could be an efficient technique. Much of the research work on Sc(III) recovery by adsorption and extraction has been performed with resins, View Article OnlineView Journal | View Issue components can contaminate the aqueous effluents. 37 In the second class of SILPs there is no discrete IL phase in the structure of the solid support. Instead, the IL can be considered as a covalently anchored ligand. Covalent linking ensures that the IL will not be leached from the support. 32,40The objective of this work is to develop a stable SILP for the adsorption of Sc(III...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of scandium(iii) from diluted aqueous solutions by a supported ionic liquid phase (SILP)

2017

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“…In an effort to solve these issues, preparation of immobilized functional ionic liquids (IFILs) has emerged as a better option. 7,8 These kind of solid composites can be easier handled, separated, regenerated and re-used, the anchoring processes have been used in catalytic processes including esterification, nitration, enzymatic reactions among others [9][10][11] . The grafting method or valent anchoring method avoid IL leaching and involves an anchor group covalently attached to the surface that is used as the cation in the formation of the ionic group, in this way a thin fil of IL is formed on the surface of the support.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of 1-Methyl-3-Methoxysilyl Propyl Imidazolium Chloride – Mesoporous Silica Composite as Adsorbent for Dehydration in Industrial Processes

Liévano

Díaz

2016

Mat. Res.

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“…Ionic liquids are organic salts with a low melting point and very low vapor pressure [7]. Choline hydroxide (ChOH) catalyst exhibited better catalytic activity compared with other basic ionic liquid catalysts [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crude Palm Oil Biodiesel by Transesterification Process Using Choline Hydroxide Catalyst

2017

MJAS

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Biodiesel is generally made by transesterification using alkaline catalyst. Choice of catalyst used greatly affects the biodiesel produced. Choline Hydroxide (ChOH) catalyst is a basic ionic liquid having excellent catalytic reactions in the synthesis of palm biodiesel from Crude Palm Oil (CPO). This catalyst is able to produce biodiesel without soap formation which at the end of the reaction, three layers formed. They are biodiesel, the catalyst itself and glycerol. This makes it easy to separate biodiesel from the by product. Several other important variables in addition to the choice of catalyst and is catalyst dosage, molar ratio of ethanol to CPO and reaction time. The highest yield of biodiesel produced is 99.84% with molar ratio of ethanol to CPO is 9:1, reaction time is 90 minutes, 5.5% catalyst (w/w) at 70 °C and 400 rpm stirring speed. The most influential variable is catalyst dosages that give the significant difference yield of biodiesel produced. It evidenced by more dosages of catalyst used will provide a higher yield of biodiesel.Keywords: choline hydroxide, crude palm oil, ethanol, ionic liquid, palm biodiesel Abstrak Biodiesel umumnya dihasilkan secara transesterifikasi menggunakan mangkin beralkali. Pilihan mangkin yang digunakan sangat mempengaruhi biodiesel yang dihasilkan. Kolin hidroksida (ChOH) adalah cairan ionik bes yang memiliki tindak balas pemangkinan yang sangat baik dalam sintesis biodiesel sawit dari minyak sawit mentah (CPO). Mangkin ini mampu menghasilkan biodiesel tanpa pembentukan sabun di mana pada akhir tindak balas membentuk tiga lapisan. Lapisan tersebut adalah biodiesel, mangkin itu sendiri dan gliserol. Hal ini memudahkan pemisahan biodiesel dari produk sampingan tersebut. Beberapa pemboleh ubah penting selain pilihan mangkin adalah dos mangkin, nisbah molar etanol terhadap CPO dan masa tindak balas. Hasil tertinggi dari biodiesel adalah 99.84% dengan nisbah molar etanol terhadap CPO adalah 9:1, masa tindak balas 90 minit, 5.5% mangkin (w/w) pada 70 °C dan kelajuan putaran 400 rpm. Pemboleh ubah yang paling berpengaruh adalah dos mangkin yang memberikan perbezaan hasil yang signifikan terhadap biodiesel yang dihasilkan. Ini membuktikan dengan semakin banyak dos mangkin yang digunakan akan memberikan hasil biodiesel yang lebih tinggi.

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Immobilization of molecular catalysts in supported ionic liquid phases

Cited by 228 publications

References 80 publications

Recovery of scandium(iii) from diluted aqueous solutions by a supported ionic liquid phase (SILP)

Recovery of scandium(iii) from diluted aqueous solutions by a supported ionic liquid phase (SILP)

Synthesis and Characterization of 1-Methyl-3-Methoxysilyl Propyl Imidazolium Chloride – Mesoporous Silica Composite as Adsorbent for Dehydration in Industrial Processes

Crude Palm Oil Biodiesel by Transesterification Process Using Choline Hydroxide Catalyst

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