Immobilization of Laccase on Hybrid Super-Structured Nanomaterials for the Decolorization of Phenolic Dyes

Abstract

In the present work, hybrid super-structured nanomaterials were synthesized by the combination of smectite nanoclays with various carbon-based nanomaterials (graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes and adamantylamine) and were used as nanosupports for the covalent and non-covalent immobilization of laccase from Trametes versicolor (TvL). TvL was successfully immobilized on these hybrid nanomaterials, achieving high immobilization yields (up to 85%), while its conformation remained unaltered upon immobilization. The apparent kinetic constants Vmax and Km of the immobilized enzymes strongly depended on the immobilization procedure and the composition of hybrid nanomaterials. Immobilized TvL preserved up to 50% of its initial activity after 24 h of incubation at 60 °C, while free enzyme was totally deactivated. The TvL-hybrid nanomaterials bioconjugates were efficiently applied for the degradation of various synthetic dyes, exhibiting excellent decolorization capacity, as well as high reusability (up to 11 successive catalytic cycles), providing insights into the use of these bionanoconjugates on applications with environmental, and industrial interest.

Applications and immobilization strategies of the copper-centred laccase enzyme; a review

“…Clays are low-cost, eco-friendly, recyclable, have low mass transfer, demonstrate microbial corrosion resistance capacity, and their surfaces can be tuned through activation with desired functional groups and/or etching [ 474 ]. They present excellent properties such as high porosity, cationic exchange capacity, intercalation capacity, and swelling response [ 475 , 476 ]. Various forms of clay such as bentonite [ 474 , 475 ], sepiolite [ 477 ], smectite [ 476 ], kaolinite [ 77 ], and light expanded clay aggregates (LECA) [ 252 , 478 , 479 ] have been explored for laccase immobilization.…”

Development of a Multi-Enzymatic Biocatalytic System through Immobilization on High Quality Few-Layer bio-Graphene

“…As shown in Figure 7 a, the FTIR spectrum of pristine graphite lacks vibrational features because there are no functional groups on its surface. In the FTIR BSA spectrum, the band at 1664 cm −1 corresponds to the amide I region, arising from the C=O stretching vibrations of the protein peptide chain [ 28 , 29 ]. The peak near 1529 cm −1 can be ascribed to the N–H bending vibrations of the –NH 2 groups of the protein, while the peaks in the region 1300–1450 cm −1 can be attributed to the amide III band [ 30 ].…”

“…As shown in Figure 7a, the FTIR spectrum of pristine graphite lacks vibrational features because there are no functional groups on its surface. In the FTIR BSA spectrum, the band at 1664 cm −1 corresponds to the amide I region, arising from the C=O stretching vibrations of the protein peptide chain [28,29]. The The intensity ratio I 2D /I G is a very common value for determining the exfoliation of graphene.…”

Laccase–TEMPO as an Efficient System for Doxorubicin Removal from Wastewaters

“…Although in this work no attempts to recycle the laccase and TEMPO were made (the employed microgram concentrations cannot be successfully isolated for reuse), further work on immobilization of laccase and/or TEMPO on inert materials can be achieved, for a better reusability of the catalyst [ 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Anyway, the process can be extended for removal of other synthetic dyes [ 34 ], so the use of this specific dual system of laccase–TEMPO can be regarded as a multipurpose biocatalyst for environmental remediation [ 18 ].…”