Immobilization of Anti-Galectin-3 onto Polysiloxane–Polyvinyl Alcohol Disks for Tumor Prostatic Diseases Diagnosis

Abstract

This work aimed to immobilize the antibody anti-galectin-3 onto polysiloxane-polyvinyl alcohol (POS-PVA) support, to evaluate its capacity to capture the serum antigen galectin-3 and to quantify by ELISA the antigen levels in sera from patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma (PA) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and healthy individuals. Also, for comparative effect, the galectin-3 expression in the prostate tissue through immunohistochemistry was evaluated. The optical density (galectin-3 level) values established for the sera from PA and BPH patients were lower compared with those found for the healthy individuals. Galectin-3 immunohistochemically showed a significant increase and reduction of the cytoplasmatic protein expression in BPH and PA, respectively, compared with the normal prostate. These results showed that POS-PVA disks could be used as solid phase to immobilize serum galectins and in immunoassays procedures for the correspondent IgG anti-galectins detection in human sera.

Identification and Validation of Potential New Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis Using 2D-DIGE and MS

“…Additionally hormone-refractory tumors showed lower galectin-3 expression than hormone-sensitive tumors [ 63 ]. Interestingly, galectin-3 is downregulated in the serum of prostate cancer patients compared to serum of healthy controls [ 69 ].…”

Galectin-3 in prostate cancer and heart diseases: a biomarker for these two frightening pathologies?

“…While a decrease in Gal-3 concentration has been consistently found in prostate tissue from PCa patients, the same is not true for blood samples from these patients. Indeed, decreased [69], increased [70], or unchanged [71] serum Gal-3 levels have been found in PCa patients compared with controls. As for the least invasive sample, to our knowledge, only two studies have investigated urinary Gal-3 levels in PCa patients.…”

Galectins in prostate and bladder cancer: tumorigenic roles and clinical opportunities

“…Most of the galectins studied so far have shown altered expression patterns in prostate and bladder cancers, and preclinical data have shed some light on the functional roles of galectins in the tumour context. In prostate cancer, compared with normal prostate tissues, Gal-1 has been reported to be overexpressed 112,116,117 , Gal-7 155 and Gal-9 112 downregulated, whereas controversial data have been described for Gal-3 30,112,114,115,[125][126][127][128][129][130][131] , Gal-4 112,153 and Gal-8 112,156,158,159 . In bladder cancer, Gal-1 and Gal-3 have also been found to be overexpressed 31,33,162,26 , whereas Gal-4 34 , Gal-7 33,167 and Gal-8 168 Third, the development of galectin-glycan inhibitors with well-understood specificity (that is, if they target one or several members) is necessary to understand and predict therapeutic effects.…”

“…Analyses of Gal-3 expression at the mRNA and protein levels in localized and metastatic CSPC and/or CRPC tissue samples have consistently found Gal-3 downregulation in tumour cells 30,112,114,115,[125][126][127][128][129][130][131] , which has been attributed to promoter methylation 30,132 . However, specific Gal-3 cytoplasmic overexpression in tumour cells has also been positively associated with disease progression 131 .…”

“…Differential expression of Gal-3 has been detected in biological fluids from patients with prostate cancer and healthy individuals and, therefore, this galectin has been proposed as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Gal-3 serum levels in patients with prostate cancer have been reported to be increased in metastatic CSPC or CRPC tumours 28 or decreased in prostatic adenocarcinomas 128,130 , compared to healthy individuals, whereas Gal-3 levels where reduced in the urine of patients with relapse in comparison to patients without relapse 130 . These results have encouraged larger studies to investigate this issue.…”