Immobility induced by forced swimming in rats: Effects of agents which modify central catecholamine and serotonin activity

Porsolt, Roger D.; Bertin, Aline; Blavet, N.; Deniel, Martine; Jalfre, M

doi:10.1016/0014-2999(79)90366-2

Cited by 547 publications

(241 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The decrease in climbing behavior can be interpreted as a 'prodepressive' effect, indicating that fluoxetine does not display a consistent antidepressant profile in the FST. In fact, it has been difficult to detect 'antidepressant' effects of SSRIs in the FST (Porsolt et al, 1979), although later studies, using a modified FST with increased water levels, suggested a differential response of SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants. While tricyclic antidepressants, such as desipramine, cause robust increase in climbing, SSRIs were shown to profoundly increase swimming behavior (Detke et al, 1995).…”

Section: Effects Of Fluoxetine and Galanin Receptor Ligands On Depresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Role of Galanin Receptors in the Regulation of Depression-Like Behavior and Monoamine/Stress-Related Genes at the Cell Body Level

Kuteeva

Wardi

Lundström

et al. 2008

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The present study on rat examined the role of galanin receptor subtypes in regulation of depression-like behavior as well as potential molecular mechanisms involved in the locus coeruleus (LC) and dorsal raphe (DR). The effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of galanin or galanin receptor GalR1-and GalR2-selective ligands was studied in the forced swim test, followed by quantitative in situ hybridization studies. Naive control, non-treated (swim control), saline-and fluoxetine-treated rats were used as controls in the behavioral and in situ hybridization studies. Subchronic treatment with fluoxetine reduced immobility and climbing time. Intracerebroventricular infusion of galanin, the GalR1 agonist M617 or the GalR2 antagonist M871 increased, while the GalR2(R3) agonist AR-M1896 decreased, immobility time compared to the aCSF-treated animals. Galanin also decreased the time of climbing. Galanin mRNA levels were upregulated by the combination of injection + swim stress in the saline-and the fluoxetine-treated groups in the LC, but not in the DR. Also tyrosine hydroxylase levels in the LC were increased following injection + swim stress in the saline-and fluoxetine-treated rats. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 and serotonin transporter mRNAs were not significantly affected by any treatment. 5-HT 1A mRNA levels were downregulated following i.c.v. galanin, M617 or AR-M1896 infusion. These results indicate a differential role of galanin receptor subtypes in depression-like behavior in rodents: GalR1 subtype may mediate 'prodepressive' and GalR2 'antidepressant' effects of galanin. Galanin has a role in behavioral adaptation to stressful events involving changes of molecules important for noradrenaline and/or serotonin transmission.

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Section: Effects Of Fluoxetine and Galanin Receptor Ligands On Depresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Role of Galanin Receptors in the Regulation of Depression-Like Behavior and Monoamine/Stress-Related Genes at the Cell Body Level

Kuteeva

Wardi

Lundström

et al. 2008

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Forced swim test (FST) is one of the most widely used protocols for studying both pharmacological and pathophysiological aspects of depression [21][22][23][24][25]. FST creates a situation of despair, and allows evaluation of the ability of the animal to adopt active strategies in inescapable stressful situation; failure to do so is indicative of a depression-like state [21,25] .…”

Section: Behavioral Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kindling epileptogenesis in immature rats leads to persistent depressive behavior

Mazarati¹,

Shin²,

Auvin³

et al. 2007

Epilepsy & Behavior

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Depression is a frequent comorbidity in epilepsy patients. A variety of biological factors may underlie epilepsy-associated depression. We examined whether kindling-induced chronic increase in seizure susceptibility is accompanied by behavioral symptoms of depression. Three week-old Wistar rats underwent rapid kindling -84 initially subconvulsant electrical stimulations of ventral hippocampus delivered every five minutes -followed by depression-specific behavioral tests performed two and four weeks later. Kindled animals exhibited sustained increase in the immobility time in the forced swim test and the loss of taste preference towards calorie-free saccharin, as compared to controls. Initial loss of preference towards the intake of calorie-containing sucrose was followed by the increased consumption at four weeks. At both time points, animals exhibited enhanced seizure susceptibility upon test stimulations of the hippocampus. We conclude that neuronal plastic changes associated with kindling state are accompanied by the development of depressive behavior.

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“…Previous studies have reported the role of dopamine in the mechanism of action of antidepressants, focusing on behavioral responses to dopamine agonists after chronic antidepressant treatment or on how selective dopamine receptor antagonists can affect the ability of antidepressants to elicit their behavioral response (Willner and Montgomery, 1981;Maj et al, 1984bMaj et al, , 1989Serra et al, 1990;Gambarana et al, 1995;D'Aquila et al, 2000a). For example, dopamine agonists have shown efficacy in models of behavioral despair and chronic mild stress (Porsolt et al, 1979;Duterte-Boucher et al, 1988;Muscat et al, 1992). Most of the studies have assigned a critical role to D 2 -like receptors, as compared to D 1 -like receptors (Spyraki and Fibiger, 1981;Borsini et al, 1988;Maj et al, 1989Maj et al, , 1996aNunes Junior et al, 1994;Ainsworth et al, 1998b;Rogoz and Dziedzicka-Wasylewska, 1999); however, little is known about the involvement of the individual dopamine receptor subtypes within the D 2 -like family in preclinical models of depression such as the forced swim test (FST).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rat FST is one of the most widely used animal models for assessing antidepressant-like activity (Porsolt et al, 1978;Porsolt et al, 1979). This model is based on the principle that an animal exposed to an inescapable stressor will show altered behavior in response to subsequent stressors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon subsequent exposure, rats become immobile faster and for a longer period of time than naive animals, suggestive of a 'depressive-like state'. FST is sensitive to a broad variety of antidepressant treatments, and they significantly reduce the immobility period (Porsolt et al, 1979). Furthermore, Detke et al (1995) has proposed that the rats can display various behavioral patterns in this model, differentially related to different classes of antidepressant drugs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antidepressant-Like Effect of D2/3 Receptor-, but not D4 Receptor-Activation in the Rat Forced Swim Test

Basso

Gallagher

Bratcher

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Immobility induced by forced swimming in rats: Effects of agents which modify central catecholamine and serotonin activity

Cited by 547 publications

References 22 publications

Differential Role of Galanin Receptors in the Regulation of Depression-Like Behavior and Monoamine/Stress-Related Genes at the Cell Body Level

Differential Role of Galanin Receptors in the Regulation of Depression-Like Behavior and Monoamine/Stress-Related Genes at the Cell Body Level

Kindling epileptogenesis in immature rats leads to persistent depressive behavior

Antidepressant-Like Effect of D2/3 Receptor-, but not D4 Receptor-Activation in the Rat Forced Swim Test

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