Immigration as a Colonial Inheritance: Post-Colonial Immigrants in the Netherlands, 1945–2002

Super-diversity vs. assimilation: how complex diversity in majority–minority cities challenges the assumptions of assimilation

“…In Amsterdam, people from the former colonies in the Caribbean (Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles) form the city's largest and most established post-war immigrant groups (Amersfoort and van Niekerk 2006). In the late 1960s and early 1970s, labour migrants from Morocco and Turkey came through labour recruitment programmes.…”

Contested conceptions of identity, community and multiculturalism in the staging of alternative sport events: a case study of the Amsterdam World Cup football tournament

“…Identifying these broad migratory classifications is important in emphasising the heterogeneity of the migrant population in the Netherlands (Entzinger, 2003). However, it is also crucial to recognise the diversity within these categories and that migratory trajectories to the country differ in a variety of ways, including not simply the point of origin, but also the social class of migrants, the timing of migration, the perceptions and expectations of migrants and their reception by host communities (van Amersfoort & van Niekerk, 2006). It is therefore incorrect to speak of a singular migrant or minority experience in the Netherlands, although the common racialisation of such groups, particularly in the context of football, means that certain issues and problems are experienced commensurably.…”

“…Indeed, until the early 1980s, the presence of migrants was actually denied, reflected in the use of alternative nomenclature such as 'repatriates' (Entzinger, 2003;van Amersfoort & van Niekerk, 2006). However, by the end of the twentieth century, demographic statistics and an increasingly visible presence of minority ethnic groups meant that this position had become untenable.…”

Equality on Different Terms

“…The arrival of non-White immigrants, concentrated mainly in the larger Western urban centers, resulted in discrimination, particularly for Black Surinamese, both in the housing and labor markets (Van Amersfoort & Van Niekerk, 2006). First came the Surinamese elite for higher education.…”