Immigration and city change: The Lisbon metropolis at the turn of the twentieth century

Abstract

The objective of this paper is analysis of the changing socio-spatial situation of immigrants in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area during the 1990s. The theoretical framing of this analysis is built on several bases: the metropolitan area's particular urban history and planning processes; the post-industrial features which are common to Southern European cities; the nature of the welfare system; and the specific characteristics of the Lisbon housing market. The analysis explores the links between the circumstances of different immigrant groups and contemporary urban social processes, such as polarisation, exclusion, residential segregation, and fragmentation of the urban social fabric. Regarding differential effects and processes across immigrant groups, two dimensions of comparison can be stressed: the distinction between the labour immigrants, mainly from Portuguese-speaking African countries, and highly-qualified migrants from the European Union; and a further distinction between the 'first wave' of labour migrants from Africa, whose numbers grew sharply after the decolonisation process of the mid-1970s, and whose migration still continues, and a 'second wave' made up mainly of East Europeans, Brazilians and some Asian groups, who arrived after 1999Asian groups, who arrived after -2000

Immigration, Segregation and Urban Development in Athens: The Relevance of the La Debate for Southern European Metropolises

“…Indeed, terms such as "multi-ethnic cities", "ethni-cities", "ethnic segregation" "ethnic divisions of space", appear in the literature of southern European cities only after the mid of the nineties when the metropolises of the South register as destinations in the new circuit of international migration. Researchers in southern Europe have been apt to relate their work to the international literature but stressed the need to contextualize the tools and concepts used in both the North European and the North American literature (Petsimeris, 1995;Maloutas, Karadimitriou, 2001;Malheiros, 2002Malheiros, , 2004Arbaci, 2002Arbaci, , 2004Lazaridis, Psimmenos, 2000).…”

Migration and Land Use Change in Europe: A Review

“…Although legalisation and urban rehabilitation programmes started to take place during the 1990s in order to clean the slums, revitalise and improve the living and social conditions of some problematic neighbourhoods (Malheiros and Vala, 2004), the signs in the landscape of this unplanned suburbanisation and migratory movements are still visible.…”

“…Along with these opportunities, the available market for non-skilled jobs (Fonseca, 2001;Malheiros, 2002;Malheiros and Vala, 2004), social networks (use of human capital inherent in the ethnic networks, relatives and friends in the host country, information) (Arapoglou, 2006;Hårsman, 2006;Malgesini, 2006;Malheiros, 2002;Malheiros and Vala, 2004), family reunion (Deurloo and Musterd, 1998), labour recruitment policy and historical and cultural links (colonial past and share of same language) (Deurloo and Musterd, 1998;Malheiros, 2002;Malheiros and Vala, 2004) result in "pull factors" to immigrants.…”

“…The settlement of immigrants and the demographic growth of their descendants has a social impact on cities (Malheiros and Vala, 2004) contributing, in some cases, to a high degree of urbanisation (Malgesini, 2006) Spatial segregation in some cases is a consequence of the presence of immigrants in cities (Gaspar, 2001). Ethnic segregation in Europe is related to the recent waves of international immigration characterised by labour immigrants, immigrants from the former European colonies and refugees, (Fortuijn et al, 1998).…”

“…These areas grew outside all the planning regulations (alignments, density, heights, etc.) and without infrastructure, leading to poor environments and poor housing condition (Malheiros and Vala, 2004).…”