Immediate effects of modified landing pattern on a probabilistic tibial stress fracture model in runners

Chen, Tony Lin-Wei; An, Ww W.; Chan, Zys Y. S.; Au, Ivan P.H.; Zhang, Zh H.; Cheung, Roy T.H.

doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.02.013

Cited by 32 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Changes in foot strike patterns found in this study largely align with previous work. In our study, VALR decreased for forefoot strike compared to non-fore foot strike as has been reported in several previous studies Bowersock et al, 2017;Chen et al, 2016;Cheung and Davis, 2011;Cheung and Rainbow, 2014;Giandolini et al, 2013a;Kulmala et al, 2013;Shih et al, 2013;Yong et al, 2018). We also found no difference in VALR between midfoot and rearfoot strike pattern which aligns with similar findings (Giandolini et al, 2013b;Laughton et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…We also found no difference in VALR between midfoot and rearfoot strike pattern which aligns with similar findings (Giandolini et al, 2013b;Laughton et al, 2003). For VILR, we found that forefoot strike was lower compared to non-fore foot strike, but that there was no difference between midfoot strike and rearfoot strike, which is consistent with the reductions reported Boyer et al, 2014;Chen et al, 2016;Cheung and Davis, 2011;Shih et al, 2013) and no difference previously reported (Cheung and Rainbow, 2014;Laughton et al, 2003). In our study, we did not find any difference in VIP or PTA when changing foot strike patterns, and this phenomenon has similarly been reported in previous studies (Bowersock et al, 2017;Giandolini et al, 2013b;Yong et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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Foot strike pattern, step rate, and trunk posture combined gait modifications to reduce impact loading during running

Huang

Xia

Chen

et al. 2019

Journal of Biomechanics

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Elevated impact loading can be detrimental to runners as it has been linked to the increased risk of tibial stress fracture and plantar fasciitis. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined effects of foot strike pattern, step rate, and anterior trunk lean gait modifications on impact loading in runners. Nineteen healthy runners performed 12 separate gait modification trials involving: three foot strike patterns (rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot strike), two step rates (natural and 10% increased), and two anterior trunk lean postures (natural and 10-degree increased flexion). Overall, forefoot strike combined with increased step rate led to the lowest impact loading rates, and rearfoot strike combined with anterior trunk lean led to the highest impact loading rates. In addition, there were interaction effects between foot strike pattern and step rate on awkwardness and effort, such that it was both more natural and easier to transition to a combined gait modification involving forefoot strike and increased step rate than to an isolated gait modification involving either forefoot strike or increased step rate. These findings could help to inform gait modifications for runners to reduce impact loading and associated injury risks.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Foot strike pattern, step rate, and trunk posture combined gait modifications to reduce impact loading during running

Huang

Xia

Chen

et al. 2019

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…Most importantly, both studies found a significant increase in VALR or VILR when running in minimalist footwear. Interestingly, previous protocols with explicit instructions have been shown to be effective in modifying landing pattern and lowering the impact loading, even the participants were running in their usual shoes (Chen et al, 2016;Cheung & Davis, 2011). Considering the relationship between vertical loading rates and running-related injuries (Davis, Miller, & Hamill, 2004;Pohl et al, 2008;van der Worp et al, 2016;Zadpoor & Nikooyan, 2011), running in minimalist shoes with actuator lugs without any systemic training or instructions may put the runners at a higher injury risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A new footwear technology to promote non-heelstrike landing and enhance running performance: Fact or fad?

Zhang

McPhail

et al. 2016

Journal of Sports Sciences

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This study sought to compare the kinetics and kinematics data in a group of habitual shod runners when running in traditional running shoes and newly designed minimalist shoes with lug platform. This novel footwear design claims to simulate barefoot running and reduce energy loss during impact. We compared footstrike angle (FSA), vertical average (VALR) and instantaneous (VILR) loading rates, energy loss and initial vertical stiffness between two shoe conditions. Runners demonstrated a decreased FSA while running in minimalist shoes with lug platform than traditional shoes (P = 0.003; Cohen's d = 0.918). However, we did not observe a landing pattern transition. VALR and VILR between two footwear conditions showed no significant difference (P = 0.191-0.258; Cohen's d = 0.304-0.460). Initial vertical stiffness (P = 0.032; Cohen's d = 0.671) and energy loss (P = 0.044; Cohen's d = 0.578) were greater when running in minimalist shoes with lug platform. The results show that minimalist shoes with lug platform reduce the FSA but may not lead to a landing pattern switch or lower vertical loading rates. Interestingly, the new shoe design leads to a greater energy loss than traditional running shoes, which could be explained by a higher initial vertical stiffness.

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“…After standardized lower limb stretching exercise as a warm-up, each subject was asked to run on a self-paced instrumented treadmill (AMTI, Watertown, MA, USA) with the standard test shoes (ARHK, Li Ning, Beijing, China) at 0°, +10°, and -10° inclinations. All of the subjects were asked to RFS, MFS, and FFS with an augmented visual feedback [16]. The trial sequence (3 inclinations x 3 footstrike patterns) was randomized using an online program (www.randomizer.org).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement agreement between a newly developed sensing insole and traditional laboratory-based method for footstrike pattern detection in runners

Cheung

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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This study introduced a novel but simple method to continuously measure footstrike patterns in runners using inexpensive force sensors. Two force sensing resistors were firmly affixed at the heel and second toe of both insoles to collect the time signal of foot contact. A total of 109 healthy young adults (42 males and 67 females) were recruited in this study. They ran on an instrumented treadmill at 0°, +10°, and -10° inclinations and attempted rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot landings using real time visual biofeedback. Intra-step strike index and onset time difference between two force sensors were measured and analyzed with univariate linear regression. We analyzed 25,655 footfalls and found that onset time difference between two sensors explained 80–84% of variation in the prediction model of strike index (R-squared = 0.799–0.836, p<0.001). However, the time windows to detect footstrike patterns on different surface inclinations were not consistent. These findings may allow laboratory-based gait retraining to be implemented in natural running environments to aid in both injury prevention and performance enhancement.

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Immediate effects of modified landing pattern on a probabilistic tibial stress fracture model in runners

Cited by 32 publications

References 49 publications

Foot strike pattern, step rate, and trunk posture combined gait modifications to reduce impact loading during running

Foot strike pattern, step rate, and trunk posture combined gait modifications to reduce impact loading during running

A new footwear technology to promote non-heelstrike landing and enhance running performance: Fact or fad?

Measurement agreement between a newly developed sensing insole and traditional laboratory-based method for footstrike pattern detection in runners

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