Immediate effects of an artificial change in hoof angulation on the dorsal metacarpophalangeal joint angle and cross‐sectional areas of both flexor tendons

Hagen, Jenny; Kojah, Kaid; Geiger, Michael; Vogel, Mandy

doi:10.1136/vr.104700

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Therefore, these variables will have an impact on the final thickness/part comparison that was performed. The position of the DDFT varies considerably during stance, and is under tension when fully weight bearing ( 19 , 21 , 22 ). Increasing the hoof angle, which occurs when positioning the horse for an MRI examination at our hospital, results in relaxation of the tendon and increases the cross-sectional area of the deep digital flexor tendon ( 19 , 21 – 24 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The position of the DDFT varies considerably during stance, and is under tension when fully weight bearing ( 19 , 21 , 22 ). Increasing the hoof angle, which occurs when positioning the horse for an MRI examination at our hospital, results in relaxation of the tendon and increases the cross-sectional area of the deep digital flexor tendon ( 19 , 21 – 24 ). However, this positioning is necessary to decrease the probability of magic angle artifact ( 24 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-Dimensional Segmentation and in silico Comparison of Equine Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Pathology in Horses Undergoing Repeated MRI Examination

Trolinger-Meadows

Biedrzycki

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has led to increased clinical and research applications using 3D segmentation and reconstructed volumetric data in musculoskeletal imaging. Lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) are a common pathology in horses undergoing MRI. Three-dimensional MRI reconstruction performed for volumetric tendon analysis in horses has not previously been documented. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to evaluate the 3D segmentation of horses undergoing repeated MRI at several time points and to perform an analysis of the segmented DDFTs across time. MRI DICOM files were acquired from six horses undergoing repeated MRI examination of the foot for DDFT injury. Once segmented, volumetric tendon surface tessellation language (STL) files were created. Thickness and volumetric data were acquired for each tendon in addition to a tendon comparison across timepoints within each horse. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for comparison of MRI reports to computer analysis. There was a significant and positive correlation between MRI and medial record reports of clinical improvement or deterioration and computer analysis (r = 0.56, p = 0.01). The lower end range limit for tendon thickness varied between 0.16 and 1.74 mm. The upper end range limit for DDFT thickness varied between 4.6 and 23.6 mm. During tendon part comparison, changes in DDFT were reported between −3.0 and + 14.3 mm. Changes in DDFT size were non-uniform and demonstrated fluctuations throughout the tendon. The study was successful in establishing the volumetric appearance and thickness of the DDFT as it courses in the foot and tracking this over time. We encountered difficulties in accurate segmentation of the distal insertion of the DDFT as it blends with the distal phalanx. The data demonstrated that the DDFT can be segmented and volumetric studies based on size and shape can be performed using an in silico approach.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Segmentation and in silico Comparison of Equine Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Pathology in Horses Undergoing Repeated MRI Examination

Trolinger-Meadows

Biedrzycki

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Equine hoof trimming aims to maintain a healthy, functional hoof and prevent lameness, supporting articular structures and subsequent soft tissues within the limb ( 7 ). There are multiple hoof trimming strategies developed based on the dynamic-functional, natural-individual or static-geometric reference ( 8 ).…”

Section: Hoof Trimmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, very few controlled scientific studies have been conducted to rigorously ascertain the therapeutic efficacy of such strategy ( 12 ). Multiple shoeing methods have been conceived, such as z-bar shoes (open area of shoe is intended to reduce weight bearing on the palmar area of the hoof, reducing trauma and promoting healing) ( 13 ), egg bar shoes (increase the weight-bearing surface and create a larger area of posterior support for the foot and leg) ( 14 ), toe wedges and heel wedges (used on the rear palmar aspect of a collapsed heel region of a hoof wall) ( 8 ). These interventions are postulated to promote distal limb health, through supporting the joints of the lower limb and reducing unwanted biomechanical forces applied by the farrier if adverse conformational traits are identified.…”

Section: Prophylactic Shoeingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scientific studies conducted in relation to prophylactic shoeing are limited in number. Hagen et al ( 8 ) examined the forelimbs of 30 horses when barefoot, equipped with toe wedges and heel wedges at various angles, in order to examine the effect of hoof angulation on the dorsal metacarpophalangeal joint, deep digital flexor tendon, and superficial digital flexor tendon. It was found that the application of a toe wedge or heel wedge significantly affected the dorsal metacarpophalangeal joint.…”

Section: Prophylactic Shoeingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Evaluation of Current Preventative Measures Used in Equine Practice to Maintain Distal Forelimb Functionality: A Mini Review

et al. 2021

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Horses are used in a variety of equestrian disciplines predisposing them to musculoskeletal injury or disease including osteoarthritis and tendinopathy. As a result, a number of preventative measures are used within equine medicine and husbandry, ranging from therapeutic shoeing to the use of nutraceuticals. Despite their popularity and routine use evidence base and clinical outcomes are variable, bringing into question the efficacy of these prophylactic measures. In recent years a small number of studies have been performed examining the effect of specific strategies in order to quantify the preventative and protective claims such modalities have on joint and forelimb health. Few have robustly demonstrated a capacity to protect the limb by reducing inflammation, or promoting regenerative pathways. This review focusses on performance horses specifically, and the resounding theme that emerges in current research is the need for longitudinal studies to inform scientific conclusions surrounding single and multi-modal use. Furthermore, there is a requirement to prioritise evidence-based medicine to inform optimal clinical practice.

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An objective study into the effects of an incline on naturally occurring lameness in horses

Bailey

Redpath

Hallowell

et al. 2022

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background:The clinical examination of lame horses in real world settings often requires the use of sloped surfaces.Objectives: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the effects of uphill and downhill locomotion on asymmetry in horses with naturally occurring lameness affecting forelimbs and hindlimbs.Methods: Ten horses (8-19 years) with forelimb lameness and eight horses (7-16 years) with hindlimb lameness were fitted with inertial sensors at the poll, withers, sacrum and both tuber coxae. Data were collected whilst the horses were trotted in hand on a level surface (<0.7%), as well as up and down a minor slope of 2.4%. Data were collected for a minimum of 25 strides at each incline type. Effect of incline was compared using a repeated measures ANOVA and, where significant, a subsequent Bonferroni's multiple comparisons.Results: Of the horses with hindlimb lameness, there were reductions in asymmetry seen during downhill locomotion when compared with trotting on the flat (flat: 6.6 ± 4.4 mm to downhill: 1.9 ± 2.9 mm; p = 0.015) and when compared with uphill locomotion (8.4 ± 4.3 mm; p = 0.007). Horses with forelimb lameness showed no significant difference in asymmetry. However, there were considerable changes in poll asymmetry (>20 mm) among conditions in individual horses. Two horses with hindlimb lameness and two horses with forelimb lameness switched asymmetry between left and right by changing incline. Conclusions:These results confirm that incline can be an influential factor in the assessment of lame horses. Further work is justified to elucidate the types of pathology associated with the most relevant changes in asymmetry which would allow the use of an incline to prioritise a list of differential diagnoses.

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Immediate effects of an artificial change in hoof angulation on the dorsal metacarpophalangeal joint angle and cross‐sectional areas of both flexor tendons

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Three-Dimensional Segmentation and in silico Comparison of Equine Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Pathology in Horses Undergoing Repeated MRI Examination

Three-Dimensional Segmentation and in silico Comparison of Equine Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Pathology in Horses Undergoing Repeated MRI Examination

An Evaluation of Current Preventative Measures Used in Equine Practice to Maintain Distal Forelimb Functionality: A Mini Review

An objective study into the effects of an incline on naturally occurring lameness in horses

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