immediate before the verb focus position in Nsong (Bantu B85d, DR Congo)

Abstract

Nsong is a western Bantu language spoken in the neighbourhood of Kikwit (5°2'28"S 18°48'58"E, Kwilu District, Bandundu Province, DRC) and encoded as B85d in the New Updated Guthrie List (Maho 2009). To this B80 or Tiene-Yanzi group also belongs Mbuun, encoded as B87 by Guthrie (1971: 39) and spoken in the wider vicinity of Idiofa (4°57'35"S 19°35'40", Kwilu District, Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo). Both languages are closely related. They share a high percentage of fundamental and other vocabulary as well as several rather atypical phonological innovations (Bostoen & Koni Muluwa 2014; Koni Muluwa 2014; Koni Muluwa & Bostoen 2012). Preliminary elicitation-based research on Mbuun has pointed out that the pre-verbal domain plays a crucial role in the marking of argument focus in Mbuun (Bostoen & Mundeke 2011, 2012). In this paper, we assess whether this is also the case in Nsong on the basis of a text corpus which the first author has been collecting, transcribing and annotating in 2013 and 2014 as part of an endangered language documentation project funded by the DoBeS program of the Volkswagen Foundation through a 3-year grant (2012-2015). More information on the project can be found on http://www.kwilubantu.ugent.be/. This Nsong text corpus exclusively consists of oral discourse and currently counts 48.022 tokens and 11.973 types. The team’s 2013 fieldwork aimed at documenting Nsong speech events in as many different cultural settings as possible. As a result, the corpus comprises different text genres, such as political speeches, historical traditions, folk music, tales, proverbs, hunting language, ceremonial language used during circumcision and twin rites, and popular biological knowledge. In line with previous research on Mbuun, we concentrate here on mono-clausal argument focus constructions, even if preliminary research has pointed out that bi-clausal focus structures are more common in the Nsong corpus.

Bantu word order between discourse and syntactic relations

“…The IBV focus position attested in Kukuya in our sample is relatively uncommon, with SVO languages stated to be more likely to have postverbal focus positions (Kidwai 1999;Horvath 1985). The IBV focus strategy found in Kukuya seems to be an areal feature as it is also encountered in languages in the Kwilu-Ngounie group, in the extended Kikongo cluster including some B80 languages (Hadermann 1996;Bostoen & Koni Muluwa 2021), first documented in Mbuun (Bostoen & Mundeke 2012), Kisikongo (De Kind 2014) and Nsong (Koni Muluwa & Bostoen 2014). Kukuya's IBV focus position also means that some checkpoints for Parameter 2 are interpreted differently, which we indicated by asterisks (*) after relevant values in Table 1.…”

“…[Rukiga] These different constraints on sentential adverbs are also attested in Kukuya, in which some adverbs must occur in the IBV focus position, as in (20a), while adverbs like 'why' can appear either in the IBV position or in its canonical position, as shown in (20b). ( 20 Looking beyond our sample for further examples from the literature, Koni Muluwa & Bostoen (2014) report a similar difference for Nsong (B85d), where adverbials except time adverbials must be focused in their canonical postverbal position and cannot be focused in the IBV position. This contrasts with the languages in our sample, where the focus position is always available.…”