Imbibition, Germination, and Early Seedling Growth Responses of Light Purple and Yellow Seeds of Red Clover to Distilled Water, Sodium Chloride, and Nutrient Solution
Abstract:The seeds of red clover are heteromorphic and two color morphs can be visually recognized, light purple and yellow, resulting from heterozygosity and recessive homozygosity at two loci. Here, we report the responses of seed imbibition, seed germination, and early seedling growth of the two morphs to distilled water, sodium chloride, and complete nutrient solution. The sensitivityof red clover seeds to treatments increased with the stage of development in what seems to be a cumulative process. No differences we… Show more
“…Another, more direct, process to measure seed imbibition requires recording either the weight or length of the seedling as time progresses [11,12]. This is an accurate way to track seed growth but requires removing the seed from its environment for each measurement.…”
Seed imbibition, absorption of water by a dry seed, is an essential process in which embryo hydration and root establishment occur. In natural environments, this process occurs beneath the soil, making it difficult to observe preliminary growth of seeds. This paper presents a new technique for tracking the imbibition of corn seeds. The proposed system is designed to measure imbibition through seed expansion and wirelessly transmit data, permitting the system to remain beneath the soil with the subject seed. The system consists of low-cost commercial off-the-shelf components and 3D-printed probes. The proposed system is optimized to measure the size of multiple seeds with a single Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) pin by utilizing the General-Purpose Input Output (GPIO) pins of the microcontroller, to reconfigure connections to supply voltage or ground. The circuit design of the system shows low power consumption compared to other conventional circuits and utilizes fewer components by taking advantage of the microcontroller GPIOs. Additionally, the proposed circuit design shows less error and insensitivity to the supply voltage variations.
“…Another, more direct, process to measure seed imbibition requires recording either the weight or length of the seedling as time progresses [11,12]. This is an accurate way to track seed growth but requires removing the seed from its environment for each measurement.…”
Seed imbibition, absorption of water by a dry seed, is an essential process in which embryo hydration and root establishment occur. In natural environments, this process occurs beneath the soil, making it difficult to observe preliminary growth of seeds. This paper presents a new technique for tracking the imbibition of corn seeds. The proposed system is designed to measure imbibition through seed expansion and wirelessly transmit data, permitting the system to remain beneath the soil with the subject seed. The system consists of low-cost commercial off-the-shelf components and 3D-printed probes. The proposed system is optimized to measure the size of multiple seeds with a single Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) pin by utilizing the General-Purpose Input Output (GPIO) pins of the microcontroller, to reconfigure connections to supply voltage or ground. The circuit design of the system shows low power consumption compared to other conventional circuits and utilizes fewer components by taking advantage of the microcontroller GPIOs. Additionally, the proposed circuit design shows less error and insensitivity to the supply voltage variations.
“…This would not pose a problem if the density of seeds was similar across species and remained essentially constant under different conditions and during the ageing process, which is not necessarily the case. In fact, moderate to extended ranges of density have been reported in diaspores of scorzonera [2], subterranean clover [3], and color morphs of red clover [4]. The trade-off between seed size and seed number has also been disputed [5][6][7].…”
The relationship between the size and shape of diaspores was investigated in angiosperms and gymnosperms including determining if being a seed or fruit was a factor. Size was expressed as volume and shape as the departure from a perfect idealized sphere. Departure from sphericity in seeds was found to be independent from volume. Conversely, an inverse relationship was found between departure from sphericity and volume in fruits. Therefore, whether a diaspore is a seed or a fruit should be considered and included in analyses when ecological, functional or evolutionary correlates of diaspore morphology are under investigation.
“…In temperature conditions of 17-19 °C on different media (distilled water, NaCl, nutrient solution) with red clover seeds (Trifolium pratense L.)Costa et al (2019) determined the end of imbibition after 18 hours, but no differences in imbibition values between obtained media. Therefore, the authors conclude that a few factors influence the imbibition of red clover seeds but act multiplicatively independently of the seed's medium and colour Tiryaki et al (2009).…”
Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L. convar. Inkara) seeds were imbibed with water solution of various pH values (4, 5, 6 and 7) at various ambiental temperatures (10, 15 and 22 °C) with the aim to reveal treatments effects on seed (imbibition, germination energy, germination and electric conductivity) and seedling traits (stem, root and total length).Seeds were imbibed in a laboratory by the standard method for seed germination. When averaged over the inquired pH values, ambient temperature affected all the investigated traits except stem length. The highest seed imbibition (58.8%) and electric conductivity (82 µS/cm per gram) were achieved at 22 °C. The highest values for germination energy (70%), germination (68%), root length (31 mm) and total seedling length (77 mm) were achieved at 10 °C. When averaged over the inquired ambiental temperatures, the highest germination energy (71%), germination (73%), root length (34 mm) and total seedling length (78 mm) were achieved at pH 4.
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