Imbalance of Predator and Prey Armament: Geographic Clines in Phenotypic Interface and Natural Selection

Toju, Hirokazu; Sota, Teiji

doi:10.1086/498277

Cited by 152 publications

(232 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…European populations of Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicaceae) are polymorphic for resistance to a major flea beetle herbivore (Phyllotreta nemorum), and the beetle similarly shows a simply inherited polymorphism for utilization of B. vulgaris (95). Differences in furanocoumarin profiles among populations of human-introduced Pastinaca sativa (wild parsnip) are matched with the detoxification (cytochrome P450) profile of associated populations of the specialist webworm Depressaria pastinacella (96), and the thickness of the exocarp in fruits of Camellia japonica varies clinally in concert with the length of the rostrum of the plant's sole seed predator, the weevil Curculio camelliae (97). The more difficult problem in such cases is to show that variation in both parties is a consequence of their interaction rather than another environmental variable.…”

Section: Coevolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores

Futuyma

Agrawal

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

533

467

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Terrestrial biodiversity is dominated by plants and the herbivores that consume them, and they are one of the major conduits of energy flow up to higher trophic levels. Here, we address the processes that have generated the spectacular diversity of flowering plants (>300,000 species) and insect herbivores (likely >1 million species). Long-standing macroevolutionary hypotheses have postulated that reciprocal evolution of adaptations and subsequent bursts of speciation have given rise to much of this biodiversity. We critically evaluate various predictions based on this coevolutionary theory. Phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral states has revealed evidence for escalation in the potency or variety of plant lineages' chemical defenses; however, escalation of defense has been moderated by tradeoffs and alternative strategies (e.g., tolerance or defense by biotic agents). There is still surprisingly scant evidence that novel defense traits reduce herbivory and that such evolutionary novelty spurs diversification. Consistent with the coevolutionary hypothesis, there is some evidence that diversification of herbivores has lagged behind, but has nevertheless been temporally correlated with that of their host-plant clades, indicating colonization and radiation of insects on diversifying plants. However, there is still limited support for the role of host-plant shifts in insect diversification. Finally, a frontier area of research, and a general conclusion of our review, is that community ecology and the long-term evolutionary history of plant and insect diversification are inexorably intertwined.coevolution ͉ herbivory ͉ insect host range ͉ phylogenetic analyses ͉ plant defense theory

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Section: Coevolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores

Futuyma

Agrawal

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

533

467

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“…If wild parsnips were to invade a habitat lacking the parsnip webworm, they would experience enemy release. Similar trait-matching systems are also found in feather lice and doves (Clayton et al 2003), red crossbills and lodgepole pine (Benkman et al 2003), the Japanese camellia and the camellia weevil (Toju and Sota 2005), and the gene-for-gene matching system between flax and flax rust (Dodds et al 2006). Trait matching can also underlie beneficial interactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Third-party mutualists have contrasting effects on host invasion under the enemy-release and biotic-resistance hypotheses

et al. 2017

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Plants engage in complex multipartite interactions with mutualists and antagonists, but these interactions are rarely included in studies that explore plant invasiveness. When considered in isolation, we know that beneficial microbes can enhance an exotic plant's invasive ability and that herbivorous insects often decrease an exotic plant's likeliness of success. However, the effect of these partners on plant fitness has not been well characterized when all three species coevolve. We use computational evolutionary modeling of a trait-based system to test how microbes and herbivores simultaneously coevolving with an invading plant affect the invaders' probability of becoming established. Specifically, we designed a model that explores how a beneficial microbe would influence the outcome of an interaction between a plant and herbivore. To model novel interactions, we included a phenotypic trait shared by each species. Making this trait continuous and selectable allows us to explore how trait similarities between coevolving plants, herbivores and microbes affect fitness. Using this model, we answer the following questions: (1) Can a beneficial plant-microbe interaction influence the evolutionary outcome of antagonistic interactions between plants and herbivores? (2) How does the initial trait similarity between interacting organisms affect the likelihood of plant survival in novel locations? (3) Does the effect of tripartite interactions on the invasion success of a plant depend on whether organisms interact through trait similarity [ -017-9912-5 plants to invade under the ERH but that beneficial microbes increase the probability of plant survival in a novel range under both hypotheses. To our knowledge, this model is the first to use tripartite interactions to explore novel species introductions. It represents a step towards gaining a better understanding of the factors influencing establishment of exotic species to prevent future invasions.

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“…The inherent link between the forager and the resource foraged stems from the necessity to develop some type of morphological, physiological or behavioral apparatus for finding, reaching and processing the resource. This forager-resource interaction is at the origin of a variety of fundamental phenomena such as mutual forager-resource coevolution [6,7], predator-prey co-evolutionary arms race [8,9], or the emergence of migratory, nomadic, and sedentary behaviors [10][11][12]. Foraging can also give important insights into ecosystem stability and food web dynamics [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of sustained foraging in three-dimensional environments with physics

Chaumont¹,

Adami

2016

Genet Program Evolvable Mach

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Artificially evolving foraging behavior in simulated articulated animals has proved to be a notoriously difficult task. Here, we co-evolve the morphology and controller for virtual organisms in a three-dimensional physical environment to produce goal-directed locomotion in articulated agents. We show that following and reaching multiple food sources can evolve de novo, by evaluating each organism on multiple food sources placed on a basic pattern that is gradually randomized across generations. We devised a strategy of evolutionary ''staging'', where the best organism from a set of evolutionary experiments using a particular fitness function is used to seed a new set, with a fitness function that is progressively altered to better challenge organisms as evolution improves them. We find that an organism's efficiency at reaching the first food source does not predict its ability at finding subsequent ones because foraging efficiency crucially depends on the position of the last food source reached, an effect illustrated by ''foraging maps'' that capture the organism's controller state, body position, and orientation. Our best evolved foragers are able to reach multiple food sources over 90 % of the time on average, a behavior that is key to any biologically realistic simulation where a self-sustaining population has to survive by collecting food sources in three-dimensional, physical environments.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

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Imbalance of Predator and Prey Armament: Geographic Clines in Phenotypic Interface and Natural Selection

Cited by 152 publications

References 66 publications

Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores

Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores

Third-party mutualists have contrasting effects on host invasion under the enemy-release and biotic-resistance hypotheses

Evolution of sustained foraging in three-dimensional environments with physics

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