Imaging recommendations and algorithms for pediatric tuberculosis: part 2—extrathoracic tuberculosis

Intraocular tuberculosis masquerading as ocular tumor: A case report

“…TB also affects various extra-thoracic sites [4] . Extrapulmonary TB is more common in children than in adults.…”

“…Associated basal meningitis can also be seen. However, CT cannot accurately differentiate tuberculoma from other CNS infections or neoplastic conditions, both primary and metastatic [4] . Our patient had multiple ring-enhancing right frontotemporal lesions with isodense centers, which is in accordance with the typical description.…”

“…Intraocular TB is rare, with incidence rates as low as 1.4% reported in the literature [2] , and presents a diagnostic challenge for clinicians, especially in resource-limited settings where advanced laboratory diagnostic tools such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gamma-interferon testing, and culture might not be available. Even in their presence, the diagnosis is difficult [ 3 , 4 ]. The importance of early and accurate recognition lies in the timely institution of effective anti-TB treatment and the avoidance of potentially catastrophic measures such as enucleation and immunosuppressive treatment.…”

Pediatric paraparesis: Radiological challenges in multidrug-resistant tuberculous spondylitis based on experience in Indonesia

“…Children are still vulnerable due to the presence of frequently non-specific symptoms, which can cause a delay in both diagnosis and treatment [2] . This disease, its disability, and mortality in the pediatric population can be treated and prevented, particularly in low-income nations [ 4 , 5 ]. However, in developing countries with a substantial burden like Indonesia, there is still a notable occurrence of childhood tuberculosis, representing approximately 10%-20% of all tuberculosis (TB) cases [ 2 , 6 ].…”

“…While tuberculosis primarily targets the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes, it can affect any organ system; termed extrapulmonary tuberculosis [5] . Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, specifically musculoskeletal TB, is more prevalent in children compared to adults [2] .…”