Imaging of the Scrotum

Aganović, Lejla; Cassidy, Fiona

doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2012.08.003

Cited by 77 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…US is useful to differentiate intra-scrotal abnormality and usually shows thickened and swollen scrotal wall with increased flow on color Doppler interrogation. The testis and epididymis often have a normal appearance [7]. An abscess should be suspected when fluid collections with low-level internal echoes and irregular walls are present [6,15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Identification of subcutaneous gas in the scrotum is the key finding. On US, gas is seen as echogenic foci demonstrating posterior acoustic ''dirty'' shadowing [6,7]. Evidence of gas within the scrotal wall may be seen prior to clinical crepitus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CT is useful in selected cases to diagnose the exact location and cause of the scrotal gas or rule out retroperitoneal or intra-abdominal disease process [6,18]. CT scan shows asymmetric fascial thickening, any coexisting fluid collection or abscess, fat stranding around the involved structures, and subcutaneous emphysema secondary to gasforming bacteria [7]. The underlying cause of the Fournier's gangrene, such as a perianal abscess, a fistulous tract, or an intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal infectious process, may also be demonstrated better at CT [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anorectal or urogenital and perineal trauma, including pelvic and perineal injury or pelvic interventions are other causes of Fournier's gangrene [4]. The testis, epididymis and spermatic cord are rarely involved, since this illness does not affect the internal spermatic artery [5][6][7]. Fournier's gangrene is a mixed infection caused by both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora, which include Coliforms, Klebsiella, Streptococci, Staphylococci, Clostridia, Bacteroides, and Corynebacteria [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the diagnosis of Fournier's gangrene is often made clinically, emergency ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) lead to an early diagnosis with accurate assessment of disease extent. Early diagnosis in Fournier gangrene is crucial because immediate surgical debridement and antibiotics can reduce the high mortality [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A clinical case of Fournier’s gangrene: imaging ultrasound

et al. 2014

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Fournier's gangrene is a rapidly progressing necrotizing fasciitis involving the perineal, perianal, or genital regions and constitutes a true surgical emergency with a potentially high mortality rate. Although the diagnosis of Fournier's gangrene is often made clinically, emergency ultrasonography and computed tomography lead to an early diagnosis with accurate assessment of disease extent. The Authors report their experience in ultrasound diagnosis of one case of Fournier's gangrene of testis illustrating the main sonographic signs and imaging diagnostic protocol. Keywords Fournier's gangrene Á SonographyRiassunto La gangrena di Fournier è una fascite necrotizzante a rapida progressione che coinvolge il perineo, le regioni perianale e genitali e costituisce una vera emergenza chirurgica con un tasso di mortalità potenzialmente elevato. Anche se la diagnosi di gangrena di Fournier è spesso fatta clinicamente, l'ecografia in emergenza e la tomografia computerizzata portano ad una diagnosi precoce, con una valutazione accurata dell'estensione della malattia. Gli Autori riportano la loro esperienza di diagnosi ecografica in un caso di gangrena di Fournier del testicolo, che illustra i principali segni ecografici ed i protocolli di diagnostica per immagini.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A clinical case of Fournier’s gangrene: imaging ultrasound

et al. 2014

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Diffusion‐Weighted and Magnetization Transfer Imaging in Testicular Spermatogenic Function Evaluation: Preliminary Results

Wang

Guan

Lin

et al. 2017

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Purpose: To assess the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) and magnetization transfer MRI (MTI) in evaluating male infertility. Materials and Methods: Sixteen men with testicular spermatogenesis hypofunction confirmed by percutaneous testis biopsy and 31 volunteers (control group B, age range: 20-40 years) with normal semen analysis including younger (By, n 5 15, age range: 20-30 years) and older (Bo, n 5 16, age range: 31-40 years) men underwent pelvic 3T MRI, including DWI and MTI. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) were compared. Results: The ADCs in 32 testes of 16 patients (0.497 6 0.037 3 10 -3 mm 2 /s) were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than that of control group B (0.460 6 0.031 3 10 -3 mm 2 /s), group By (0.453 6 0.018 3 10 -3 mm 2

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Proton MR Spectroscopy in Assessing the Biochemical Milieu of Human Testes

Tsili

Astrakas

Sofikitis

et al. 2020

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), considered a connection between metabolism and anatomic and functional information provided by standard MRI, gives information on various tissue metabolites and their pathologic changes. Recently, proton MRS has been added as an adjunct tool to the multiparametric protocol of scrotal MRI, providing a new insight into the extremely complex biochemical milieu of normal and abnormal testes. This article reviews proton MR spectra of normal testes, showing age and bilateralism dependence. Disturbances of various metabolic pathways in testes of infertile men resulting in alterations of metabolite peaks are discussed. Preliminary data on proton MR spectra of testicular mass lesions are presented. Level of Evidence: 5. Technical Efficacy Stage: 5.

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Imaging of the Scrotum

Cited by 77 publications

References 61 publications

A clinical case of Fournier’s gangrene: imaging ultrasound

A clinical case of Fournier’s gangrene: imaging ultrasound

Diffusion‐Weighted and Magnetization Transfer Imaging in Testicular Spermatogenic Function Evaluation: Preliminary Results

Proton MR Spectroscopy in Assessing the Biochemical Milieu of Human Testes

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