Imaging of the internal chorion structure of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss live embryos and the distribution of quantum dots therein: Towards a deeper understanding of potential nanotoxicity

Research progress in the synthesis and biological application of quantum dots

“…Studies have shown that the aggregation of CdSe/ZnS-COOH quantum dots blocks chorionic pores and leads to hypoxia, which will slow down the heartbeat of rainbow trout embryos and cause cardiotoxicity. 69 In addition, some studies have used human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to evaluate the toxic effects of quantum dots because they are a mature model to study the interaction between nanoparticles and endothelial cells. 70 Among them, Zhu et al found that human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to very high concentrations (100 or 200 mg mL À1 ) of Cu, N-doped CDs showed significant induced cytotoxicity, and endoplasmic reticulum stress was activated.…”

New insights into the safety assessment of quantum dots: potential release pathways, environmental transformations, and health risks

“…245,247,257 The consensus view on the bioaccumulation of QDs demonstrates that QDs in fish embryos mainly gather on the surface of the chorion, and the integrity of the chorion is damaged, which has an adverse impact on embryonic development. 252,[258][259][260] When QDs spread through the chorionic pore channels of the embryo, they are deposited in the retina, brain, heart, gills, and behind the tail, causing malformations of the heart, respiratory system, and head. 260 QDs in the fish gut are mainly introduced by ingestion and spread further to other parts of the body, causing organ toxicity.…”

Interactions of semiconductor Cd-based quantum dots and Cd2+ with gut bacteria isolated from wild Salmo trutta fry

“…The degradation of QDs is dependent on the NPs type and surrounding environment factors, such as pH and salinity ( Mahendra et al, 2009 ; Domingos, Franco & Pinheiro, 2013 ; Rocha et al, 2015b , 2017 ). In addition, a recent study has shown that the toxicity of QDs to organisms depends on their ability to aggregate ( Rotomskis et al, 2018 ; Jurgelėnė et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Previously, it was found that short-term (24 h and 96 h) exposure to Cd-based (CdSe/ZnS-COOH) QDs at a concentration of 4 nm affects the functions of the cardiorespiratory system of rainbow trout larvae and embryos. Cd-based QDs accumulated and got stuck in the chorion of the fish embryos, while they accumulated and distributed in the region of the gills in the case of the fish larvae ( Rotomskis et al, 2018 ; Jurgelėnė et al, 2021 ). Based on these published results, a QDs concentration of 4 nm was chosen to study the interaction of Cd-based QDs with gut bacteria isolated from wild Salmo trutta fry in the current study.…”