Imaging of Paranasal Sinuses and Anterior Skull Base and Relevant Anatomic Variations

Iida, Estushi; Anzai, Yoshimi

doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2016.08.009

Cited by 21 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The anterior ethmoidal canal (AEC), which houses the AEA, is usually embedded in the ethmoidal roof. 13 Alquezar et al 9 found the AEA at the skull base in 66.6% of cases and below the skull base in 34.4% of cases. Lannoy-Penisson et al 14 described three anatomical variations of the AEC based on its relation to the skull base: grade I AEC within the ethmoidal roof, grade II AEC under the roof and considered as prominent, and grade III AEC distant from the ethmoidal roof ( Figure 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Computed tomography assessment of anterior ethmoidal canal dehiscence: An interobserver agreement study and review of the literature

et al. 2020

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Purpose The anterior ethmoidal artery can be injured in functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The ability of computed tomography (CT) to identify dehiscence of the anterior ethmoidal canal (AEC) has not been widely evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interobserver agreement in the CT assessment of AEC dehiscence. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive CT scans of the paranasal sinuses (PNS) between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2012. Two neuroradiologists separately assessed the presence of AEC dehiscence, the presence of PNS opacification, and the best CT plane to evaluate the AEC. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis and interobserver agreement (kappa coefficient). Results The AEC was below the skull base in 199 (22.3%) cases. Dehiscence of the AEC was found in 13.2% for reader 1 and in 7.3% for reader 2. The interobserver agreement for identification of AEC dehiscence was only fair (κ = 0.246). The interobserver agreement for the AEC dehiscence in cases with opacification of ethmoidal air cells was substantial (κ = 0.754). Conclusion The suboptimal interobserver agreement could potentially limit the usefulness of CT scans for routine assessment of AEC dehiscence. In patients with PNS opacification, CT scans could still add valuable information regarding AEC dehiscence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Computed tomography assessment of anterior ethmoidal canal dehiscence: An interobserver agreement study and review of the literature

et al. 2020

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“…MRI offers superior and diverse soft tissue contrast resolution and is useful in delineating the extent of disease in more detail 18 . Therefore, MRI is extremely helpful to evaluate PNS complications.…”

Section: Imaging Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, MRI is the study of choice for detecting intracranial extension of PNS disease. An MRI protocol of the orbit should include studies with and without contrast and at least coronal fat‐saturated T2‐weighted (W), axial T1W, and axial and coronal fat‐saturated T1W imaging 18,19 . The MRI protocol should also include diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and MR venography in addition to the routine scanning protocols.…”

Section: Imaging Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging of Paranasal Sinus Infections in Children: A Review

Orman

Kralik

Desai

et al. 2020

Journal of Neuroimaging

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Paranasal sinuses (PNS) infections are common in children. They may cause common and well-known complications, but also, unusual and potentially devastating complications. Diagnosing PNS infections and complications in children requires knowledge of the unique anatomy of the nasal cavity and the PNS. In fetal life, nasal mucosa evaginations into the lateral nasal walls initiate the development of the PNS. The PNS continue to develop after birth and complete their maturation and pneumatization at different ages during childhood which makes the pattern of PNS infections determined by patient age. Complications are caused by direct spread of the infection to the orbit, face, intracranial or osseous structures or hematogenous spread of the infection to the intracranial structures. Emergent imaging studies are often necessary in the evaluation of the complications in pediatric patients when the symptoms persist for 10 days and/or if there is evidence of intracranial or orbital complications. In addition, immunocompromised children are especially vulnerable to developing unusual complications. Computed tomography (CT) is excellent for determining whether there is intraorbital extension of PNS disease. However, when the infection approaches the orbital apex, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study with contrast is necessary to assess spread into the cavernous sinus and the intracranial compartment. The goal of this manuscript is to review and characterize imaging findings of PNS infections using CT and MRI allowing determination of the extent of PNS infections and their common and unusual complications in children. In addition, a summary of the development of the normal PNS is provided.

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“…1). It is measured according to the Keros classification, with the greater the height having the higher risk of anterior cranial fossa penetration: 1-3 mm in type I; 4-7 mm in type II (commonest); and 8-16 mm in type III (1,2). Knowledge of the location of the anterior ethmoidal foramen, wherein lies the anterior ethmoidal artery ( Fig.…”

Section: Imaging the Anterior Skull Basementioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging review of the anterior skull base

Francies

Makalanda

Paraskevopolous

et al. 2018

Acta Radiologica Open

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The anterior skull base (ASB) is intimately associated with the unique soft tissue subtypes of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, orbits, and intracranial compartment. Pathology involving the ASB is rare but the causes are manifold and can be broadly subdivided into those intrinsic to the skull base and processes extending from below or above. Sinonasal pathology is the most commonly encountered and poses significant management challenges that rely heavily on accurate interpretation of the radiological findings. We illustrate the normal anatomy of the ASB and present a cross-sectional imaging review of the pathological entities that may be encountered, focusing on the specific features that will impact on clinical and surgical management.

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Imaging of Paranasal Sinuses and Anterior Skull Base and Relevant Anatomic Variations

Cited by 21 publications

References 50 publications

Computed tomography assessment of anterior ethmoidal canal dehiscence: An interobserver agreement study and review of the literature

Computed tomography assessment of anterior ethmoidal canal dehiscence: An interobserver agreement study and review of the literature

Imaging of Paranasal Sinus Infections in Children: A Review

Imaging review of the anterior skull base

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