Imaging of orbital disorders in pediatric patients

Abstract

The spectrum of orbital lesions occurring in childhood is wide, including a variety of both benign and malignant disorders. Although physical examination and fundoscopy may aid in establishing the diagnosis of retro-ocular lesions, imaging remains a critical step in the evaluation of the pediatric orbit. Ultrasonography, CT, and MR imaging are the primary modalities for the evaluation of the diseased orbit, and careful observation of the characteristic radiological features usually leads to correct diagnosis; however, some of the lesions look very similar and are difficult to differentiate from each other. The purpose of this article is to review the common and unusual entities that may involve the pediatric orbit, to describe the radiological features, and to evaluate the efficacy of US, CT, and MRI in the diagnosis and management of these conditions.

Imaging of Pediatric Orbital Diseases

“…13,58 These solid tumors typically present in children with proptosis and diplopia. These lesions may be bilateral in contrast to RMS.…”

“…13,14 These lesions likely arise from sequestered epithelial rests entrapped in orbital bony sutures and can be subcutaneous or intraorbital in location. 13,39 Both dermoids and the less common epidermoids are composed of cysts lined by keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with dermoids also containing adnexal structures such as hair and sebaceous glands. Clinically, these lesions manifest as subcutaneous nodules adjacent to the orbital rim or as unilateral proptosis.…”

“…11,12 Coloboma Coloboma is a developmental anomaly that results from incomplete closure of the embryonic choroidal fissure, resulting in ectasia and herniation of vitreous into the retro-ocular space. 13 The developmental insult occurs during gestational days 35 to 41. 6,7 Colobomas may affect the iris, lens, ciliary body, retina, choroid, sclera, or optic nerve.…”

Radiation methods of tear pathways pathology diagnosis

“…Наиболее полно на этот вопрос отвечает компьютерная томография (КТ) [7,10,26]. КТ -это послойное рентгенологиче-ское исследование, основанное на компьютерной реконструкции изображения, получаемого при круговом сканировании объекта узким пучком рентгеновского излучения [15].…”

Evaluation of reconstructed orbital wall fractures: high-resolution MRI using a microscopy surface coil versus 16-slice MSCT

“…Since the introduction of computed tomography (CT) for routine imaging of the orbital skeleton, the rate of identified medial wall and floor fractures has significantly increased [1][2][3][4]. Decisions regarding surgical intervention in the management of orbital wall fractures may be influenced by a variety of factors, such as the presence and severity of restricted ocular motility, the degree of traumatic enophthalmos, and fracture size [4,5].…”