Imaging of Microglia Activation in Stroke

Thiel, Alexander; Heiss, Wolf‐Dieter

doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.598821

Cited by 106 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…These molecules, named Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), such as Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs), degraded extracellular matrix, F-actin filaments (Ahrens S 2012), ATP and many others (Seong Seong 2004), may induce blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption and activation of resident cells (Ceulemans AG 2010;. This is followed by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells infiltration establishing the inflammatory foci Thiel A 2011). It is noteworthy that ischemic stroke comprises more than 80% of the cases, caused by embolus or thrombus .…”

Section: Self-tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Central Nervous System Resident Cells in Neuroinflammation: A Brave New World.

Peron¹,

Oliveira²,

Brandão³

et al. 2012

Autoimmune Diseases - Contributing Factors, Specific Cases of Autoimmune Diseases, and Stem Cell and Other Therapies

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Section: Self-tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Central Nervous System Resident Cells in Neuroinflammation: A Brave New World.

Peron¹,

Oliveira²,

Brandão³

et al. 2012

Autoimmune Diseases - Contributing Factors, Specific Cases of Autoimmune Diseases, and Stem Cell and Other Therapies

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“…Over time, they extended from the ischemic core into the periinfarct zones (74,75). In several imaging studies, increased binding of 11 C-PK11195 was observed around the outer border of ischemic lesions after several days, but also in areas distant from the lesion (72). Increased tracer binding was also detected in the thalamus ipsilateral to the stroke and in the subcortical white matter tracts, especially along the pyramidal tract anterograde to the lesion.…”

Section: Microglial Activation As An Indicator Of Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…As one of the consequences, the translocator protein 18 kDa, formerly known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is upregulated in mitochondria of activated microglias and may thus serve as a biomarker of inflammation. Several radioligands have been developed to image the activation of microglias in experimental models and in various diseases of the central nervous system (72). Applying high-resolution small-animal PET of 11 C-PK11195 to imaging the expression of translocator protein 18 kDa/peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in experimental ischemia, a high signal was detected in the core of ischemia starting on day 4 and increasing until day 7, and this strong signal was related to microglias and macrophages.…”

Section: Microglial Activation As An Indicator Of Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radionuclide Imaging in Ischemic Stroke

Heiss

2014

J Nucl Med

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Learning Objectives: On successful completion of this activity, participants should be able to describe (1) the physiologic and metabolic variables relevant for brain function and the radionuclides and methods to measure these variables in cerebrovascular disease, especially ischemic stroke; (2) the radionuclide methods to determine the thresholds of flow and metabolism relevant for preservation of function and morphology and the obtained values in their relevance to prognosis and potential treatment; and (3) the applications of radionuclide imaging for identifying pathophysiologic changes responsible for extension of ischemic lesions, for defining the hemodynamic reserve in vascular disease, for detecting remote effects outside the primary lesions, and for locating compensatory activation in disturbed functional networks.Financial Disclosure: Dr. Heiss is supported by the Wolf-Dieter Heiss Foundation within the Max Planck Society. The author of this article has indicated no other relevant relationships that could be perceived as a real or apparent conflict of interest. CME Credit: SNMMI is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to sponsor continuing education for physicians. SNMMI designates each JNM continuing education article for a maximum of 2.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits. Physicians should claim only credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. For CE credit, SAM, and other credit types, participants can access this activity through the SNMMI website (http://www.snmmilearningcenter.org) through November 2017.Ischemic stroke is caused by interruption or significant impairment of blood supply to the brain, which leads to a cascade of metabolic and molecular alterations resulting in functional disturbance and morphologic damage. The changes in regional cerebral blood flow and regional metabolism can be assessed by radionuclide imaging, especially SPECT and PET. SPECT and PET have broadened our understanding of flow and metabolic thresholds critical for maintenance of brain function and morphology: PET was essential in the transfer of the concept of the penumbra to clinical stroke and thereby had a great impact on developing treatment strategies. Receptor ligands can be applied as early markers of irreversible neuronal damage and can predict the size of the final infarcts, which is important for decisions on invasive therapy in large ("malignant") infarction. With SPECT and PET, the reserve capacity of the blood supply can be tested in obstructive arteriosclerosis, which is essential for planning interventions. The effect of a stroke on surrounding and contralateral primarily unaffected tissue can be investigated, helping to understand symptoms caused by disturbance in functional networks. Activation studies are useful to demonstrate alternative pathways to compensate for lesions and to test the effect of rehabilitative therapy. Radioisotope studies help to detect neuroinflammation and its effect on extension of tissue damage. Despite the...

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“…Over time, they extend from the ischemic core into the peri-infarct zones [55,62] . In several studies, increased 11 C-PK11195 uptake has been observed around the ischemic lesions after several days, but also in regions distant from the lesion [56] . Increased PK-binding has also been documented in the ipsilateral thalamus and in the subcortical white matter.…”

Section: Microglial Activation As An Indicator Of Infl Ammationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Several radioligands have been developed to image the activation of microglia in experimental models and in various diseases of the CNS [56] . Early studies in ischemia models using infl ammatory cells [57,58] .…”

Section: Microglial Activation As An Indicator Of Infl Ammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

PET imaging in ischemic cerebrovascular disease: current status and future directions

Heiss

2014

Neurosci. Bull.

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Cerebrovascular diseases are caused by interruption or significant impairment of the blood supply to the brain, which leads to a cascade of metabolic and molecular alterations resulting in functional disturbance and morphological damage. These pathophysiological changes can be assessed by positron emission tomography (PET), which permits the regional measurement of physiological parameters and imaging of the distribution of molecular markers. PET has broadened our understanding of the fl ow and metabolic thresholds critical for the maintenance of brain function and morphology: in this application, PET has been essential in the transfer of the concept of the penumbra (tissue with perfusion below the functional threshold but above the threshold for the preservation of morphology) to clinical stroke and thereby has had great impact on developing treatment strategies. Radioligands for receptors can be used as early markers of irreversible neuronal damage and thereby can predict the size of the fi nal infarcts; this is also important for decisions concerning invasive therapy in large ("malignant") infarctions. With PET investigations, the reserve capacity of blood supply to the brain can be tested in obstructive arteriosclerosis of the supplying arteries, and this again is essential for planning interventions. The effect of a stroke on the surrounding and contralateral primarily unaffected tissue can be investigated, and these results help to understand the symptoms caused by disturbances in functional networks. Chronic cerebrovascular disease causes vascular cognitive disorders, including vascular dementia. PET permits the detection of the metabolic disturbances responsible for cognitive impairment and dementia, and can differentiate vascular dementia from degenerative diseases. It may also help to understand the importance of neuroinfl ammation after stroke and its interaction with amyloid deposition in the development of dementia. Although the clinical application of PET investigations is limited, this technology had and still has a great impact on research into cerebrovascular diseases.

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Imaging of Microglia Activation in Stroke

Cited by 106 publications

References 40 publications

Central Nervous System Resident Cells in Neuroinflammation: A Brave New World.

Central Nervous System Resident Cells in Neuroinflammation: A Brave New World.

Radionuclide Imaging in Ischemic Stroke

PET imaging in ischemic cerebrovascular disease: current status and future directions

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