Imaging of Kidney Stones: CT Urography, Ultrasound, and Stone Composition Analysis

Abstract

Kidney stone disease, prevalent since ancient times, affects around 12% of the global population, with a higher incidence in males. Recurrence is common, and the formation of stones is influenced by genetic, metabolic, environmental, and structural factors. Ultrasonography, as the initial diagnostic tool, is noninvasive and radiation-free, making it suitable for initial evaluations. However, for more precise diagnosis, especially in complex cases, CT scans, including Dual Energy CT (DECT), are preferred due to their higher accuracy. This review also delves into the historical evolution of diagnostic methods, from the once-popular Intravenous Urography (IVU) to the advanced DECT, which offers detailed insights into stone composition. While each imaging modality has its advantages and limitations, CT scans remain the gold standard for their comprehensive analysis capability. The choice of imaging technique is influenced by factors such as stone size, patient characteristics, and clinical context. This review underscores the importance of personalized strategies in selecting the most suitable imaging modality for effective diagnosis and management of kidney stone disease.