Imaging of Carbonic Anhydrase Level in Epilepsy with an Environment-Sensitive Fluorescent Probe

Abstract

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) participate in various physiological and pathological activities by catalyzing the interconversion between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions. Under normal circumstances, they guarantee that the relevant biological reactions in our body occur within an appropriate time scale. Abnormal expression or activity alteration of CAs is closely related to the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. This work reports an inhibitor-directed fluorescent probe FMRs-CA for the detection of CAs. Excellent selectivity, favorable biocompatibility, and desirable blood−brain barrier (BBB) penetration endow the probe with the ability to image the fluctuation of CAs in cells and mice. We achieved in situ visualization of the increased CAs in hypoxic cells with this probe. Additionally, probe FMRs-CA was mainly enriched within the liver and gradually metabolized by the liver. With the help of FMRs-CA, the increase of CAs in epileptic mouse brains was revealed first from the perspective of imaging, providing the mechanism connection between abnormal CA expressions and epilepsy.

The Carbonic Anhydrase IX‐Activated Nanosensor for Dual‐Modal Imaging and Synergistic Phototherapy of Glioblastoma

“…Molecular docking simulations were conducted to investigate the binding modes of BDPCA with CA IX. Detailed methods for molecular docking simulations were provided in the supporting information [ 31 ]. As displayed in Figure 2h , the benzenesulfonamide moiety of BDPCA inserts deeply into the active site pocket of CA IX.…”

The Carbonic Anhydrase IX‐Activated Nanosensor for Dual‐Modal Imaging and Synergistic Phototherapy of Glioblastoma

“…Molecular docking simulations were conducted to investigate the binding modes of BDPCA with CA IX. Detailed methods for molecular docking simulations were provided in the supporting information [ 31 ]. As displayed in Figure 2h , the benzenesulfonamide moiety of BDPCA inserts deeply into the active site pocket of CA IX.…”

The Carbonic Anhydrase IX‐Activated Nanosensor for Dual‐Modal Imaging and Synergistic Phototherapy of Glioblastoma

“…Molecular docking simulations were conducted to investigate the binding modes of BDPCA with CA IX. Detailed methods for molecular docking simulations were provided in the supporting information [ 31 ]. As displayed in Figure 2h , the benzenesulfonamide moiety of BDPCA inserts deeply into the active site pocket of CA IX.…”

The Carbonic Anhydrase IX‐Activated Nanosensor for Dual‐Modal Imaging and Synergistic Phototherapy of Glioblastoma

“…Molecular docking simulations were conducted to investigate the binding modes of BDPCA with CA IX. Detailed methods for molecular docking simulations were provided in the supporting information [ 31 ]. As displayed in Figure 2h , the benzenesulfonamide moiety of BDPCA inserts deeply into the active site pocket of CA IX.…”