Imaging of bladder cancer: update on current approaches for diagnosis

Türkbey, Barış; Türkbey, Evrim; Ravizzini, Gregory; Karçaaltıncaba, Muşturay

doi:10.5334/jbr-btr.581

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…In this section we systematically analyzed the instruments used in the clinical setting for bladder monitoring and examination in some cases. Bladder status is typically monitored through urodynamic tests, neurophysiologic analysis (intended mainly for the evaluation of the detrusor functionality [71], [72], [73]), and imaging techniques [74], [75], [76], [77], [78]. Among the anatomical and physiological bladder parameters to be evaluated, pressure and volume appear particularly interesting as they provide information on the physiological e pathological status of the organ, as well as on LUT synergy with the nervous system [79], [80].…”

Section: Clinical Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bladder Monitoring Systems: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

2022

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The lower urinary tract (LUT) is sensitive to nervous system pathologies, injuries and dysfunctions that may lead to the loss or reduction of bladder fullness sensation. Urination assistive devices aimed at supporting bladder emptying and continence control have been proposed so far. However, patients may not perceive the urge to urinate and activate the device accordingly. In this framework, bladder pressure and volume monitoring is crucial and would lead to optimize the use of assistive devices and reduce side effects for the patient. Despite its centrality in restoring LUT functions, urinary bladder monitoring remains not fully explored, yet. In this review paper, we summarize the efforts performed at the clinical and research level towards efficient bladder monitoring. The analysis of the current state of the art enabled to identify the challenges of the field and to draw potential future directions in LUT dysfunction management by engineering solutions. After the introduction of technologies to support urination, a major focus is placed on three groups of monitoring devices, that is, instruments for a clinical setting, wearable devices for continuous and domestic monitoring, and implantable sensors for chronic monitoring. Finally, the main challenges are identified and discussed, highlighting the most crucial points and the main treatment opportunities.INDEX TERMS Bladder pressure monitoring, bladder volume monitoring, implantable biorobotic organs, implantable sensors, urinary dysfunctions. FIGURE 3. Examples of clinical imaging instruments to monitor the urinary bladder. Ultrasound-based volume reconstruction systems (Bladder Scan BVI 9400 [253]) through (a) 2D and (b) 3D methods [102], Copyright 1998, Published by Elsevier Inc., [105]. Bioimpedance tomography device employed for EIT [132], Copyright 2016, Taiwanese Society of Biomedical Engineering, with 16 electrodes arranged along different configurations for bladder volume reconstruction and imaging [128], ((c) EIT electrodes [254], Copyright 2020, IEEE). NIRS method exploiting water or oxyhemoglobin as chromophores and detecting light absorption variations during the filling-voiding cycles (d) [142], Copyright 2018, IEEE, and NIRS device [255]. MRI (picture of Michal Jarmoluk from Pixabay): Cavalieri method to compute the volume (e) [153], and representation of a commercial scanner.

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