“…Recent model-based approaches have been implemented and validated in animal (Han et al, 2012; Han et al, 2011; Liu et al, 2008; Zhang et al, 2004; He et al, 2002; Li et al, 2001) and human (Dossel et al, 2005) studies. Using electrical activation models based on artificial neural networks and cellular automata, the results of these studies agreed with measured surface electrocardiograms, activation times, and known source locations within reasonable error bounds.…”