Imaging Markers for the Characterization of Gray and White Matter Changes from Acute to Chronic Stages after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury

Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging—A Novel Approach to Monitor Bio Molecular Changes in Subacute Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

“…This increases the vulnerability of exposed axons as well as behavioral deficits and functional connectivity tend to decline [15,67]. MBP dysfunction(s) are related with physiological reactions to stress and emotional states, nervousness, and depression in adulthood and every conceivable marker for rationalities in cerebrum injuries are accounted for in other studies [15,43]. Twenty-four hours post closed head injury seems to be more serious and consistent with histological examination due to our observation of the spectral patterns in axonal injury of CC.…”

Biomolecular changes and subsequent time-dependent recovery in hippocampal tissue after experimental mild traumatic brain injury

“…In the study of Heffernan et al (2013), it was reported that there was no significant differences in motor deficits between groups, while the Morris water maze test indicated that cognitive deficits persisted for the first week after injury and recovered in the chronic phases after 3 weeks 62 . We have no cognitive performance data neither in the current study, nor in our previous study mentioned above 58 . However, the results of the cognitive tests of Heffernan et al (2013) were in line with our current dramatic molecular changes in acute phase (24 h post TBI) and recovery in the chronic phase (1-month post TBI).…”

“…The recovery could be started after 1-month as seen in our current results but there is no evidence for that since the myelin density was not measured in 1-month post-TBI group animals in that study. Moreover, in the same study it was reported that sensorimotor performance was significantly affected after moderate TBI, but not in any post mild TBI animal groups according to the behavioural tests 58 .…”

“…In the previous studies, it was shown that TBI can lead to temporary or permanent cognitive impairment including attention deficits and poor executive functioning, as well as sensorimotor deficits, and behavioral problems 57 , 58 . Damage to the hippocampus after TBI may be responsible for impairment of spatial learning and memory 59 .…”

“…Damage to the hippocampus after TBI may be responsible for impairment of spatial learning and memory 59 . In another study of our group 58 , behavioural assessment with two well established tests [sensorimotor deficit score (SDS) and Beam walk test] and histological examination were carried out in 24-h and 3–4 months post-mild and -moderate TBI animals to get information about sensorimotor function and microstructural tissue status, respectively. Differences in the myelin density of the control and post-TBI groups were assessed by myelin basic protein (MBP) staining in this study.…”