Abstract:Context. With the limited amount of in situ particle data available for the innermost region of Jupiter's magnetosphere, Earth-based observations of the giant planets synchrotron emission remain the sole method today of scrutinizing the distribution and dynamical behavior of the ultra energetic electrons magnetically trapped around the planet. Radio observations ultimately provide key information about the origin and control parameters of the harsh radiation environment. Aims. We perform the first resolved and… Show more
“…The electrons trapped within the radiation belts of Jupiter produce synchrotron emissions that are observable from Earth in the radio frequencies (see Girard et al [] for an introduction to the Jovian synchrotron emission). The resolved observations help to constrain the models of the Jovian electron belts inside 4 R J , where the in situ measurements are limited (see Girard et al [] for a review on physical models improvements with synchrotron radiation and Garrett et al [] for an example of an empirical model improvement).…”
Section: Validation Of the Modelmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For instance, Sicard‐Piet et al [] proposed the hybrid JOSE (JOvian Specification Environment) model that relies on Salammbô where the McIlwain parameter, L , is lower than 9.5 and is based on the measurements gathered by the Galileo mission otherwise. Physical models have also demonstrated their ability to reproduce the synchrotron radiation observations [ de Pater and Goertz , ; Santos‐Costa et al, ; Sicard and Bourdarie , ; Santos‐Costa and Bolton , ; Girard et al, ], as some empirical models do [ Levin et al, ; Garrett et al, ; Adumitroaie et al, ], and study their time evolutions [ de Pater and Goertz , ; Sicard et al, ; Santos‐Costa et al, ; Kita et al, ].…”
A new global physical model of the electron radiation belts of Jupiter inside the orbit of Europa is presented. It is an update of the Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales model Salammbô proposed by Sicard and Bourdarie () that now integrates a contribution of the wave‐particle interaction above the orbit of Io. In addition, a revisited and more realistic boundary condition near Europa is implemented. The new Salammbô model is validated against the in situ flux measurements obtained by the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Voyager 1 missions. The role of the wave‐particle interaction is discussed by investigating its effect on the predicted in situ fluxes. In particular, the interaction appears in our simulations as a strong pitch angle scattering process explaining the flux depletions intensities near the orbit of Io as well as the flux intensities near the spacecraft perijoves.
“…The electrons trapped within the radiation belts of Jupiter produce synchrotron emissions that are observable from Earth in the radio frequencies (see Girard et al [] for an introduction to the Jovian synchrotron emission). The resolved observations help to constrain the models of the Jovian electron belts inside 4 R J , where the in situ measurements are limited (see Girard et al [] for a review on physical models improvements with synchrotron radiation and Garrett et al [] for an example of an empirical model improvement).…”
Section: Validation Of the Modelmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For instance, Sicard‐Piet et al [] proposed the hybrid JOSE (JOvian Specification Environment) model that relies on Salammbô where the McIlwain parameter, L , is lower than 9.5 and is based on the measurements gathered by the Galileo mission otherwise. Physical models have also demonstrated their ability to reproduce the synchrotron radiation observations [ de Pater and Goertz , ; Santos‐Costa et al, ; Sicard and Bourdarie , ; Santos‐Costa and Bolton , ; Girard et al, ], as some empirical models do [ Levin et al, ; Garrett et al, ; Adumitroaie et al, ], and study their time evolutions [ de Pater and Goertz , ; Sicard et al, ; Santos‐Costa et al, ; Kita et al, ].…”
A new global physical model of the electron radiation belts of Jupiter inside the orbit of Europa is presented. It is an update of the Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales model Salammbô proposed by Sicard and Bourdarie () that now integrates a contribution of the wave‐particle interaction above the orbit of Io. In addition, a revisited and more realistic boundary condition near Europa is implemented. The new Salammbô model is validated against the in situ flux measurements obtained by the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Voyager 1 missions. The role of the wave‐particle interaction is discussed by investigating its effect on the predicted in situ fluxes. In particular, the interaction appears in our simulations as a strong pitch angle scattering process explaining the flux depletions intensities near the orbit of Io as well as the flux intensities near the spacecraft perijoves.
“…In addition to imaging, various types of sporadic radio emission are studied: pulsars (Coenen et al, 2014;Stovall et al, 2015;Kondratiev et al, 2016) including giant pulses (Tsai et al, 2016), Jupiter (Girard et al, 2016), the Sun (Morosan et al, 2015) and other transient signals (Stappers et al, 2011;Rowlinson et al, 2016). These results show the vast capabilities o®ered by digital receivers at standalone radio telescopes (Kocz et al, 2015) as well as in multi-telescope observations.…”
This paper describes digital radio astronomical receivers used for decameter and meter wavelength observations. Since 1998, digital receivers performing on-the-°y dynamic spectrum calculations or waveform data recording without data loss have been used at the UTR-2 radio telescope, the URAN VLBI system, and the GURT new generation radio telescope. Here, we detail these receivers developed for operation in the strong interference environment that prevails in the decameter wavelength range. Data collected with these receivers allowed us to discover numerous radio astronomical objects and phenomena at low frequencies, a summary of which is also presented.
“…With the basic physics of synchrotron emission pinned down, a challenge in recent years was to deduce the spatial and energy distribution of electrons to allow to best reproduction of the observed 2-D and 3-D maps of radio emission (Santos-Costa & Bolton, 2008;Girard et al, 2016). This has been achieved with synthetic 2-D radio maps that have excellent agreement with radio observations (Santos-Costa & Bourdarie, 2001;Sicard & Bourdarie, 2004;Nènon et al, 2017).…”
The high kinetic energy electrons that populate the Earth's radiation belts emit synchrotron emissions because of their interaction with the planetary magnetic field. A lunar near side array would be uniquely positioned to image this emission and provide a near real time measure of how the Earth's radiation belts are responding to the current solar input. The Salammbô code is a physical model of the dynamics of the three‐dimensional phase‐space electron densities in the radiation belts, allowing the prediction of 1‐keV to 100‐MeV electron distributions trapped in the belts. This information is put into a synchrotron emission simulator that provides the brightness distribution of the emission up to 1 MHz from a given observation point. Using Digital Elevation Models from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter data, we select a set of locations near the Lunar sub‐Earth point with minimum elevation variation over various‐sized patches where we simulate radio receivers to create a synthetic aperture. We consider all realistic noise sources in the low‐frequency regime. We then use a custom Common Astronomy Software Applications code to image and process the data from our defined array, using SPICE to align the lunar coordinates with the Earth. We find that for a moderate lunar surface electron density of 250/cm
3, the radiation belts may be detected every 12–24 hr with a 16,384‐element array over a 100‐km‐diameter circle. Changing electron density can make measurements 10 times faster at lunar night and 10 times slower at lunar noon.
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