Imaging in spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS): Current technology and future directions in modalities

Artificial gravity as a potential countermeasure for Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome

“…SANS is a complex collection of ocular changes observed in astronauts during and after long-duration space missions [1]. Initially identified through post-flight examinations, SANS includes symptoms such as globe flattening [2], choroidal folds [3], and optic disc oedema [4]. The proposed mechanisms underpinning SANS pathophysiology are not fully clear yet, but include cephalad brain and orbital fluid shift [5,6], increased levels of radiation [7], intracranial pressure changes, vascular dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction [8] and shifts in cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, which collectively may contribute to the ocular changes documented [9].…”

“…Finally, robust structural and 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 2 Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 3 University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.…”