Nanoparticles have opened new exciting avenues for both diagnostic and
therapeutic applications in human disease, and targeted nanoparticles are
increasingly used as specific drug delivery vehicles. The precise quantification
of nanoparticle internalization is of importance to measure the impact of
physical and chemical properties on the uptake of nanoparticles into target
cells or into cells responsible for rapid clearance. Internalization of
nanoparticles has been measured by various techniques, but comparability of data
between different labs is impeded by lack of a generally accepted standardized
assay. Furthermore, the distinction between associated and internalized
particles has been a challenge for many years, although this distinction is
critical for most research questions. Previously used methods to verify
intracellular location are typically not quantitative and do not lend themselves
to high throughput analysis. Here we developed a mathematical model which
integrates the data from high throughput flow cytometry measurements with data
from quantitative confocal microscopy. The generic method described here will be
a useful tool in biomedical nanotechnology studies. The method was then applied
to measure the impact of surface coatings of vesosomes on their internalization
by cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). RES cells are responsible for
rapid clearance of nanoparticles, and the resulting fast blood clearance is one
of the major challenges in biomedical applications of nanoparticles. Coating of
vesosomes with long chain polyethylene glycol showed a trend for lower
internalization by RES cells.