Imaging Findings in Pulmonary Fat Embolism: Literature Review and Practical Aspects

Abstract

Fat embolism syndrome is an uncommon but potentially fatal condition associated with trauma or long bone surgery, which presents predominantly with pulmonary symptoms. While medical advances have resulted in a reduction in mortality rates, the accurate diagnosis of the condition remains challenging due to its ability to mimic other causes of respiratory distress. Since the symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging studies are often nonspecific, the identification of fat embolism must be based on a combination of these elements. The use of pulmonary imaging techniques, particularly chest computed tomography, is crucial to the assessment of this condition. When hypoxia occurs after surgery or trauma, the presence of diffuse and well-defined ground glass opacities or centrilobular nodules on CT are highly suggestive of fat embolism. As this disorder is mainly managed via supportive measures, prevention and early identification are essential to improving patient outcomes. This review describes the main clinical and imaging aspects of pulmonary fat embolism.