8Discriminating between conspecifics and heterospecifics potentially challenging for closely 9 related sympatric species. The guenons, a recent primate radiation, exhibit high degrees of 10 sympatry and form multi-species groups in which hybridization is possible but rare in most 11 populations. Guenons have species-specific colorful face patterns hypothesized to function in 12 species discrimination. Here, we apply a novel machine learning approach to identify the face 13 regions most essential for correct species classification across fifteen guenon species. We then 14 demonstrate the validity of these computational results using experiments with live guenons, 15showing that facial traits identified as critical for accurate classification do indeed influence 16 selective attention toward con-and heterospecific faces. Our results suggest variability among 17 guenon species in reliance on single-trait-based versus holistic facial characteristics when 18 discriminating between species, and differences in behavioral responses to faces can be linked to 19 whether discrimination is based on a single trait or whole-face pattern. Our study supports the 20 hypothesis that guenon face patterns function to promote species discrimination and provides 21 novel insights into the relationship between species interactions and phenotypic diversity. 22Keywords: species discrimination, visual signal form, complex signals, reproductive isolation, 23Cercopithecini 24 25 forage together [20]. Many guenons therefore interact with heterospecifics that share general 46 patterns of morphology (e.g. overall body size/shape) and behavior (e.g. activity patterns). In 47