Image Descriptor Based Digital Semi-blind Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images

Miao, Hsin; Lin, Yun; Wu, Ja-Ling

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19321-2_7

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Under the predefined rendering condition, the method in [23] utilized matched common areas between the center image and the synthesized left and right images based on descriptor matching. In [24], Miao et al proposed a resynchronization scheme that uses descriptors to estimate the disparity map between the center image and a synthesized image; this approach could extract a watermark in any synthesized image with disparity map-based compensation. In [25], Cui et al presented discrete wavelet transform-based watermarking with geometric rectification.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

NSCT-Based Robust and Perceptual Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images

et al. 2020

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Depth-image-based rendering (DIBR), where arbitrary views are synthesized from a center image and depth image, has received much attention in the three-dimensional (3D) research field. With advances in depth-acquisition techniques and the proliferation of 3D glasses and 3D display devices, there is a growing demand for schemes to protect the copyrights of DIBR 3D images. Digital watermarking is a typical protection technology and designing a watermarking method for DIBR 3D images is a challenging task because the synchronization of watermarks can easily be broken in the process of generating synthetic images. To address this issue, we propose a non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT)-based blind watermarking for DIBR 3D images. To ensure the proposed method has properties of robustness against the DIBR process, we conduct an analysis of robustness for NSCT subbands against DIBR attacks. Based on the analysis results, we select subbands that are robust against DIBR attacks and embed watermark in the low coefficients of NSCT subbands using quantization-based embedding. While ensuring robustness, the proposed method also improves the imperceptibility of watermarks by adjusting their embedding strength according to computed perceptual masking values. Through experiments, we show that the proposed method is robust against both desynchronization attacks of the DIBR process and common attacks including signal processing operations and geometric distortions. The high imperceptibility of our method is also verified by several evaluation metrics in a subjective and objective manner. INDEX TERMS Depth-image-based rendering (DIBR), digital watermarking, DIBR 3D image watermarking, non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT), multi-bit watermarking.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

NSCT-Based Robust and Perceptual Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images

et al. 2020

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“…Wang et al [21], Miao et al [22] and Cui et al [23] proposed a DIBR watermarking method that used the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT). The SIFT based-watermarking systems found similar parts between the center image and the synthesized image using a SIFT descriptor and then inserted the watermark into those parts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust Template-Based Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images

et al. 2018

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Several depth image-based rendering (DIBR) watermarking methods have been proposed, but they have various drawbacks, such as non-blindness, low imperceptibility and vulnerability to signal or geometric distortion. This paper proposes a template-based DIBR watermarking method that overcomes the drawbacks of previous methods. The proposed method exploits two properties to resist DIBR attacks: the pixel is only moved horizontally by DIBR, and the smaller block is not distorted by DIBR. The one-dimensional (1D) discrete cosine transform (DCT) and curvelet domains are adopted to utilize these two properties. A template is inserted in the curvelet domain to restore the synchronization error caused by geometric distortion. A watermark is inserted in the 1D DCT domain to insert and detect a message from the DIBR image. Experimental results of the proposed method show high imperceptibility and robustness to various attacks, such as signal and geometric distortions. The proposed method is also robust to DIBR distortion and DIBR configuration adjustment, such as depth image preprocessing and baseline distance adjustment.

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Image Watermarking Based on Reflectance Modification

Chotikawanid

Amornraksa

2016

Digital-Forensics and Watermarking

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Image Descriptor Based Digital Semi-blind Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images

Cited by 4 publications

References 12 publications

NSCT-Based Robust and Perceptual Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images

NSCT-Based Robust and Perceptual Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images

Robust Template-Based Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images

Image Watermarking Based on Reflectance Modification

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