“…For the last few years, level-set-based models (LSBMs) [1][2][3][4] played a key role in the tasks of image segmentation due to their advantages, namely convenient modeling, easy programming, and efficient computation. Currently, LSBMs can essentially be divided into three categories: local characteristic-based LSBMs (LCLSBMs) [5][6][7][8], global characteristic-based LSBMs (GCLSBMs) [9][10][11][12], and hybrid characteristic-based LSBMs (HCLSBMs) [13][14][15][16]. GCLSBMs usually draw on global characteristics of images, such as the global inter-class variance (ICV) [17], global coefficient of variation [18], global area descriptor [19], global area-based pressure force [20], and so on, to guide the level sets; they are successful in segmenting images with homogeneous pixels.…”