Image-based comparison between a γ-ray scanner and a dual-sensor penetrometer technique for visual assessment of bale density distribution

Sun, Yifei; Cheng, Qiang; Meng, Fanrong; Buescher, Wolfgang; Maack, Christian; Ross, F.; Lin, Jenshan

doi:10.1016/j.compag.2011.12.002

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…There is an increasing desire to reach a high density of silage because a low void volume means a low initial air content. This can significantly reduce the risk of a temperature rise and the loss of dry matter and energy [12]. Two different biological inoculants (biological factors) were added to parts of the silage and a chemical additive (chemical factor) was also used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Three Different Additives and Two Different Bulk Densities on Maize Silage Characteristics, Temperature Profiles, CO2 and O2–Dynamics in Small Scale Silos during Aerobic Exposure

et al. 2017

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Featured Application: Silage management on farm.Abstract: Silage quality and aerobic stability are sometimes insufficient. If management requirements are not met, or to improve silage quality, additives are often used. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of different factors on silage during aerobic conditions. Whole-crop forage maize was harvested and 24 buckets (65 L) were filled and assigned to one of four treatment groups: (1) control (no treatment); (2) chemical additive (sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium acetate); (3) a mixed biological inoculant containing Lactobacillus buchneri, L. plantarum, and Pediococcus acidilacti; and (4) a mixed biological inoculant containing L. buchneri, L. plantarum, and L. rhamnosus. An untreated variation was also ensiled. Two different densities were adjusted during ensiling. After opening, the temperature was measured for seven days and O 2 and CO 2 concentrations were analysed. The findings show that the chemical additive very effectively prevented silage from reheating and deteriorating. Aerobic reheating of silage was also successfully inhibited through biological additives and high density.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Three Different Additives and Two Different Bulk Densities on Maize Silage Characteristics, Temperature Profiles, CO2 and O2–Dynamics in Small Scale Silos during Aerobic Exposure

et al. 2017

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“…The measurement principle of MC is based on the dielectric theory, according to which the relative dielectric permittivity of water is 81, far greater than that of the drying biological materials (ε r-wood ≈ 3) and that of air (ε r-air = 1) [ 1 ]. The water content of biological materials directly affects the relative dielectric permittivity.…”

Section: Compound Sensor Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excessive oxygen will cause carbohydrates reduction, protein denaturation and quality degradation during the aerobic phase [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. In addition, the biomass moisture affects the activity of antioxidant bacteria and the degree of degradation of the biomass [ 1 , 10 ]. In general, to prevent the loss of dry matter and sugar content of silage, both factors should be optimally controlled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, the penetrometer technique has been used to measure the packing density of silage because it is straightforward to calibrate and can provide reliable data [ 13 ]. In many penetrometer designs [ 1 , 10 ], the force sensor was placed on the upper end of the penetration shaft. Given that silage was a complex porous elastoplastic medium, the penetration shaft would be extruded laterally by silage in the penetration process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Compound Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Packing Density and Moisture Content of Silage

Meng

Sun

et al. 2017

Sensors

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Packing density and moisture content are important factors in investigating the ensiling quality. Low packing density is a major cause of loss of sugar content. The moisture content also plays a determinant role in biomass degradation. To comprehensively evaluate the ensiling quality, this study focused on developing a compound sensor. In it, moisture electrodes and strain gauges were embedded into an ASABE Standard small cone for the simultaneous measurements of the penetration resistance (PR) and moisture content (MC) of silage. In order to evaluate the performance of the designed sensor and the theoretical analysis being used, relevant calibration and validation tests were conducted. The determination coefficients are 0.996 and 0.992 for PR calibration and 0.934 for MC calibration. The validation indicated that this measurement technique could determine the packing density and moisture content of the silage simultaneously and eliminate the influence of the friction between the penetration shaft and silage. In this study, we not only design a compound sensor but also provide an alternative way to investigate the ensiling quality which would be useful for further silage research.

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“…In 2012 a group of researchers proposed a practical technique using a dual-sensor penetrometer for the simultaneous measurements of penetration resistance (PR) and moisture content (MC) in conjunction with image-based analysis [12]. Vertical penetration resistance of a cone is measured by a force sensor and logged versus the depth of penetration in 2013 [13].…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Construction and Evaluation of a Digital Hand-Pushed Penetrometer

Rezaee¹

2017

IJASSN

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Image-based comparison between a γ-ray scanner and a dual-sensor penetrometer technique for visual assessment of bale density distribution

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of Three Different Additives and Two Different Bulk Densities on Maize Silage Characteristics, Temperature Profiles, CO2 and O2–Dynamics in Small Scale Silos during Aerobic Exposure

Effects of Three Different Additives and Two Different Bulk Densities on Maize Silage Characteristics, Temperature Profiles, CO2 and O2–Dynamics in Small Scale Silos during Aerobic Exposure

A Compound Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Packing Density and Moisture Content of Silage

Design, Construction and Evaluation of a Digital Hand-Pushed Penetrometer

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