Image Authentication Based on Watermarking Approach: Review

Abstract

Digital image authentication techniques have recently gained a lot of attention due to their importance to a large number of military and medical applications, banks, and institutions, which require a high level of security. Generally, digital images are transmitted over insecure media, such as the Internet and computer networks of various kinds. The Internet has become one of the basic pillars of life and a solution to many of the problems left by the coronavirus. As a result, images must be protected from attempts to alter their content that might affect important decision-making. An image authentication (IA) system is a solution to this difficult problem. In the previous literature, several methods have been proposed to protect the authenticity of an image. Digital image watermark is a strategy to ensure the reliability, resilience, intellectual property, and validity of multimedia documents. Digital media, such as images, audio, and video, can hide content. Watermarking of a digital image is a mechanism by which the watermark is embedded in multimedia and the image of the watermark is retrieved or identified in a multimedia entity. This paper reviews IA techniques, watermark embedding techniques, tamper detection methods and discusses the performance of the techniques, the pros and cons of each technique, and the proposed methods for improving the performance of watermark techniques.

Exploring Cellular Automata Learning: An Innovative Approach for Secure and Imperceptible Digital Image Watermarking

“…The performance of the different digital image watermarking approaches depends on the domain in which they are being implemented. Based on the working domain, digital image watermarking algorithms can be classified into three groups: spatial domain watermarking, transform or frequency domain watermarking, and hybrid domain watermarking [8].…”

“…• Root Mean-Squared Error (RMSE): It is a quality assessment metric that is used for the error magnitude evaluation. It is derived by simply square rooting the MSE as illustrated in equation (8).…”

A Blind Digital Image Watermarking Scheme Exploiting Elementary Cellular Automata Rule-30

“…The performance of the different digital image watermarking approaches depends on the domain in which they are being implemented. Based on the working domain, digital image watermarking algorithms can be classified into three groups: spatial domain watermarking, transform or frequency domain watermarking, and hybrid domain watermarking [6].…”

Multiuser optical image authentication platform based on sparse constraint and polar decomposition in Fresnel domain

“…In authentication, a visual identification of the decrypted image is not required and the nonlinear correlation between decrypted and the original image can be used for verification. This can confuse the attacker and enhance the security of the cryptographic systems [26,[33][34][35]. Thereafter, a variety of encryption and authentication algorithms based on sparsity have been proposed, and most of them are based on the framework of DRPE [23,27,36,37].…”

“…Thereafter, a variety of encryption and authentication algorithms based on sparsity have been proposed, and most of them are based on the framework of DRPE [23,27,36,37]. Researchers also proposed a multi-image encryption and authentication algorithm based on the optical interference induced by binary random masks (BRMs) [23,29,34,37]. Various authentication and encryption algorithms have been developed using the PTFT, polarization lights, ghost imaging, compressive sensing, joint transform correlation, ptychography, and sparse representation [23,25,32,[38][39][40][41][42][43].…”