Visual analytics seeks to conduct a discourse with the user through images, to stimulate curiosity and a penchant to decipher the unknown. Figure 1 depicts our view of the visual analytics process. The computer supports the user in this interactive analytical reasoning, constructing a formal model of the given data, with the end product being formatted knowledge constituting insight.Yet, validation and refi nement of this computational model of insight can occur only in the human domain expert's mind, bringing to bear possibly unformatted knowledge as well as intuition and creative thought. So, it's left to this human user to guide the computer in the formalization (learning) of more sophisticated models that capture what the human desires and what the computer currently believes about the data domain, perhaps with an associated confi dence level. In visual analytics, the computer uses images and text (and possibly sound and haptics) to exchange information with the user about its view of the domain model.Obviously, the better a communicator the computer is, the more assistance it will elicit from the user to help it refi ne the model. This in turn leads to this article's topic-the need for the computer to master the art of interpersonal communication-that is, communication between it and the human analyst.
The Elements of Interpersonal CommunicationObviously, communication is present in many domains, not just in human behavior. Communication protocols are part of many human-made systems, such as computing and telecommunication, and they follow similar defi nitions. We focus here on human behavior because we aim for the computer to collaborate with the human user.The interpersonal-communication protocol 1 (see Figure 2) always includes The interpersonal-communication framework has three components. Direct channels encompass information that the sender directly controls; they're easily recognized by the receiver. Indirect channels aren't always under the sender's direct control and are usually recognized subconsciously by the receiver. The context is the conditions surrounding the communication from which the receiver can derive the message's meaning.Communicators use intonation or pitch to emphasize words and passages. Brevity or economy of words leads to clear, effective presentations, whereas an aesthetic choice of words (good storytelling) can generate more interest, attention, and even fascination. Finally, personalization of word choice can target a specifi c receiver, just as the word choice can indicate a sender's identity.Clearly, some people are more eloquent in these matters than others; the same is true for human-