Illustrated Medical Biochemistry (2nd edn)

Raju, SM; Raju, B Soma

doi:10.5005/jp/books/11067

Cited by 15 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…These IAAs are detectable even before the onset of insulin therapy in type 1 diabetics. IAA is detectable in around 40% of young children with IDDM (Raju and Raju, 2010).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Etiology Of Type 1 Diabetes (Iddm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the loss of insulin secretion, the function of pancreatic α-cells is also abnormal and there is excessive secretion of glucagons in IDDM patients. Normally, hyperglycemia leads to reduced glucagons secretion, however, in patients with IDDM, glucagons secretion is not suppressed by hyperglycemia (Raju and Raju, 2010). The resultant inappropriately elevated glucagons levels exacerbate the metabolic defects due to insulin deficiency.…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Type 1 Diabetes (Iddm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are multiple biochemical mechanisms that account for impairment of tissue's response to insulin. Deficiency in insulin leads to uncontrolled lipolysis and elevated levels of free fatty acids in the plasma, which suppresses glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle (Raju and Raju, 2010). This impairs glucose utilization and insulin deficiency also decreases the expression of a number of genes necessary for target tissues to respond normally to insulin such as glucokinase in liver and the GLUT 4 class of glucose transporters in adipose tissue.…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Type 1 Diabetes (Iddm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This impairs glucose utilization and insulin deficiency also decreases the expression of a number of genes necessary for target tissues to respond normally to insulin such as glucokinase in liver and the GLUT 4 class of glucose transporters in adipose tissue. Raju and Raju (2010) explained that the major metabolic derangements, which result from insulin deficiency in IDDM are impaired glucose, lipid and protein metabolism which are explained in details as follows:…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Type 1 Diabetes (Iddm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The result of the loss of water (and overall volume) leads to the activation of the thirst mechanism (polydipsia). The negative caloric balance, which results from the glucosuria and tissue catabolism leads to an increase in appetite and food intake that is polyphagia (Raju and Raju, 2010).…”

Section: Effects On Glucose Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Ozougwu¹,

Obimba²,

Belonwu³

et al. 2013

J. Physiol. Pathophysiol.

465

310

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The aim of this paper is to review the information on type 1 and type 2 diabetes with emphasis on its etiology, pathogenesis and pathophysiology via literature review. Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a chronic hyperglycemic condition resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Type 1 diabetes is the result of an autoimmune reaction to proteins of the islets cells of the pancreas while type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of genetic factors related to impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance and environmental factors such as obesity, overeating, lack of exercise and stress, as well as aging. The pathogenesis of selective β-cell destruction within the islet in type 1 diabetes mellitus is difficult to follow due to marked heterogeneity of the pancreatic lesions. At the onset of overt hyperglycemia, a mixture of pseudoatrophic islets with cells producing glycogen, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide, normal islets and islets containing both β-cells and infiltrating lymphocytes and monocytes may be seen. The autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells leads to a deficiency of insulin secretion that leads to the metabolic derangements associated with type 1 diabetes. The main pathophysiological features of type 2 diabetes are impaired insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance. The impairment of pancreatic β cell function notably shows progression overtime in type 2 diabetes although aging, obesity, insufficient energy consumption, alcohol drinking, smoking, etc are independent risk factors of pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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“…These IAAs are detectable even before the onset of insulin therapy in type 1 diabetics. IAA is detectable in around 40% of young children with IDDM (Raju and Raju, 2010).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Etiology Of Type 1 Diabetes (Iddm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathophysiology Of Type 1 Diabetes (Iddm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathophysiology Of Type 1 Diabetes (Iddm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathophysiology Of Type 1 Diabetes (Iddm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects On Glucose Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Ozougwu¹,

Obimba²,

Belonwu³

et al. 2013

J. Physiol. Pathophysiol.

465

310

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Leaf extract ofMorinda lucidaimproves pancreatic beta-cell function in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Abdulkareem

Igunnu

Adefoluke

et al. 2019

Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

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Chemotherapy remains the utmost treatment for Type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients. This however, predisposes the patients to a wide range of serious complications, thus, the need for alternative therapeutic agents that target pancreatic β-cell function. This study investigated the effects of aqueous leaf extract of M. lucida (MLE) on β-cell dysfunction and atherogenic dyslipidaemia in alloxan-induced T1D in rats. Twenty-five Wister rats (156-168g) were randomly divided into normal, diabetic, diabetic + glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), diabetic + 120 mg/kg MLE and diabetic + 240 mg/kg MLE groups (n = 5/ group). Treatments were via oral route for 14 days. Our findings revealed that, 120 mg/kg MLE significantly reduced hyperglycaemia, improved insulinaemia as well as β-cell function, and attenuated weight loss in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract also attenuated (p < 0.05) atherogenic dyslipidaemia and malondialdehyde. The activities of the extract compared favourably with glibenclamide. This study suggested that, hypoglycaemic and mitigating effects of aqueous leaf extract of M. lucida on atherogenic dyslipidaemia and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction were through reduction in lipid peroxidation. The extract may therefore represent an effective source of novel drugs against TID and cardiovascular diseases. Further study is recommended, to explore the extract's mechanism of oxidative repair.

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Investigation into Hypoglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic, and Renoprotective Potentials ofDennettia tripetala(Pepper Fruit) Seed in a Rat Model of Diabetes

Anioke

Okwuosa

Uchendu

et al. 2017

BioMed Research International

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This study investigated the hypoglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and renoprotective potentials of Dennettia tripetala (DT) in a rat model of diabetes. The hypoglycemic activity in crude methanol seed extract of DT (CMEDT) and methanol seed fraction of DT (MFDT) measured by glucose oxidase method was increased by 47.37% and 28.72%, respectively, after 8 hours of administration. After 10 days of treatment, CMEDT and MFDT gave a good glycemic control with the highest percentage reduction of 75.82% and 71.34% in glucose level, respectively, which is closely compared with 79.91% in glibenclamide. Using the enzymatic assay and Friedewald's equation, there was a significant reduction in serum level of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p < 0.05) following treatment with CMEDT and MFDT, when compared with the untreated group, although results varied in dosed groups, with high dose of MFDT showing a better lipid-lowering activity. High dose of MFDT improved lipid metabolism and increased percentage protection against atherogenesis by 44%. However, neither CMEDT nor MFDT ameliorated the renal biochemical alteration in urea and creatinine. Thus, the study demonstrates hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic potentials of DT seed in diabetes.

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Illustrated Medical Biochemistry (2nd edn)

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Leaf extract ofMorinda lucidaimproves pancreatic beta-cell function in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Investigation into Hypoglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic, and Renoprotective Potentials ofDennettia tripetala(Pepper Fruit) Seed in a Rat Model of Diabetes

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